The Failed Ba'thification of Iraqi Kurdistan: The Ideological and Organizational Strategies of the Ba'th Party in Northern Iraq, 1968–2003

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-427
Author(s):  
Ruiheng Li
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Strategies ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
Iraqi Kurdistan ◽  
Organizational Perspective ◽  
History Of

Drawing on internal party documents, this article analyzes the history of Ba'thification efforts in Iraqi Kurdistan. Despite a growing literature on the Ba'th Party's ruling strategy, the often-overlooked Arabization of Kurdish communities constituted a significant ideological component of Ba'thification. From an organizational perspective, the cultivation of internal intelligence networks was used to compensate for the challenges associated with robust party recruitment in northern Iraq's Kurdish-majority governorates and among Kurdish communities in mixed areas.

Minority Representation and Reserved Legislative Seats in Iraqi Kurdistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-402
Author(s):  
Farhad Hassan Abdullah ◽  
Hawre Hasan Hama
Keyword(s):  
Minority Groups ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Quota System ◽  
Religious Minority ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
Iraqi Kurdistan ◽  
History Of ◽  
Democratic Stability

Ethnic and religious minorities have played a significant role in the long history of Kurdistan. At an official level, their political position was significantly strengthened with the advent of autonomy for the Kurdistan Region in northern Iraq in 1992. Most importantly, a quota system was established that reserved seats for several minority groups in the Kurdistan Parliament, often cited as an example of tolerance for diversity and respect for minority rights. Nevertheless, there is a lack of empirical research examining how ethnic and religious quotas affect democratic stability, quality of representation, and opportunities to represent authentic interests within the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG). The politicians who occupy the reserved seats have come under criticism for merely supporting the policy programs of the dominant Kurdish parties, which deprives ethnic and religious minority groups of authentic representation and exposes the minority parties to allegations that they are politically exploited. This article analyzes the dynamics of minority political participation in Iraqi Kurdistan, how representation has been affected by the dominance of the ruling parties, and factors that guide the behavior of minority politicians while serving in quota-allocated positions. It also examines the effects of reserving seats through the quota system on the political behavior of minority groups. To these ends, this article focuses on parliamentary quotas and their impact on democratic stability, decision-making, and the empowerment of minority groups in the Kurdistan Region.

Studies in the Ancient History of Northern Iraq

1984 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Mark A. Brandes ◽  
David Oates
Keyword(s):  
Ancient History ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Conflict in the Middle East: The US and the Turkish-Kurdish Conflict

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Matthew Dotzler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
National Security ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
The United States ◽  
Us Foreign Policy ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Kurdish Conflict

The conflict between Turkey and the Kurds is once again reaching a boiling point. Following the defeat of ISIL in northern Iraq and Syria, Turkey is now concerned that the returning Kurdish militias pose a threat to its national security. The United States, as an ally to both parties, finds itself in a unique position to push for diplomatic solutions and to mediate the conflict before it grows out of control once again. This paper will examine the history of the Turkish-Kurdish conflict, the actors involved, and how US foreign policy can be used to try and deter yet another war in the region.

Assyrians in Iraq

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahram Petrosian
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
The Political ◽  
Iraqi Kurdistan ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of

AbstractThe article examines the question of the Assyrian identity; certain problems pertaining to the history of the Assyrian-Kurdish relationships; the problem of the Assyrian autonomy; the role of the political parties of the Iraqi Assyrians; the status of the Assyrians in Iraqi Kurdistan; the Assyrians after the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime, and several other issues.

Artistic Influences Analysis of Iraqi National Costumes

2013 ◽  
Vol 821-822 ◽  
pp. 735-745
Author(s):  
Alttabi Furat Jamal Hassan ◽  
Xiang Yang Bian ◽  
Xiao Yu Xin
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
The North ◽  
Wool Material ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Head Cover ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Southern Iraq

There were signs of the first civilization known to humanity for more than 6000 years BC in the north of Iraq have disappeared this civilization to appear after 500 years in southern Iraq, the Sumerian civilization, which was considered as the opinion of scientists or civilizations, exceeds the impact to Asia and the countries that had been in contact (Sumerians) and see them today in other towns and villages. In subsequent periods of time appeared distinct personalities to their nature, religious, social, special clothing with clothes seem especially long. And usually dress is made from raw wool material making them in the Sumerian era. Put the garment on the body and leaves the top of the right shoulder with the survival of an open hand. There are of special clothing used by the clergy in the exercise of religious mourning rituals .There are traditional clothes to the clergy of other faiths. The clothing we see in the beginning of the third millennium BC has gained status in society in general, and was also the head cover. The animals have for centuries symbolized the signs of a divinity that we see hanging on the walls of some temples in northern Iraq. Centuries have been mentioned in the history of the Arabian were animal horns in Sumerian times to symbolize the moon in the Sumerian language .

scholarly journals Subsurface tectonic characterizations by the use of geo-electrical resistivity technique and their implications on environmental soil and groundwater at Erbil dumpsite, west of Erbil city – Iraqi Kurdistan region

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sirwa Qader Smail Gardi ◽  
Jamal Asfahani
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Groundwater Table ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
Subsurface Structures ◽  
Iraqi Kurdistan ◽  
Geological Information ◽  
Exact Position

Abstract Twenty seven vertical electrical resistivity soundings (VES), distributed on three profiles, have been carried out around the Erbil city dumpsite location in northern Iraq, by using Schlumberger configuration. The main objective of those VES soundings is to characterize the subsurface structures and to detect the probable soil contamination zones at the dumpsite and the surrounding district. Bai Hassan aquifer in the study region is one of most important natural fresh water in the central sub-basin of Erbil. The 2D Pichgin and Habibulleav technique is applied herein to study and analyse the three VES profiles. Its application in the study region has highly demonstrated the efficacy of such a technique. In fact, the subsurface structures in the study area have been recognized, and the exact position, dip, direction of the faults and groundwater level were also precisely detected. The role of applying this technique together with the available geological information, while carrying out geo-electrical surveys is emphasized to obtain useful, cheap and fast lithological, groundwater table and structural subsurface information.

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