scholarly journals EVIDENCIA DE LA ESTABILIDAD CARIOTÍPICA DURANTE LA DIVERGENCIA EVOLUTIVA ENTRE Paralabrax maculatofasciatus Y P. nebulifer (PERCIFORMES: SERRANIDAE)

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
J. M. Martinez-Brown ◽  
J. D. Medel-Narváez ◽  
N. K. Hernández-Ibarrra ◽  
J. L. Ortiz-Galindo
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Structure ◽  
Relative Length ◽  
Biological Knowledge ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
Reproductive Barriers ◽  
The Family ◽  
Homeologous Chromosome ◽  
Acrocentric Chromosomes ◽  
Degree Of Similarity ◽  
Paralabrax Maculatofasciatus

La información sobre la estructura cromosómica es básica dentro del conocimiento biológico de cualquier especie y fundamental para la comprensión de fenómenos citogenéticos que subyacen a procesos fisiológicos, ontogénicos y evolutivos. En este último ámbito, el conocimiento del grado de similitud de los cromosomas de especies filogenéticamente cercanas complementa la información necesaria para plantear hipótesis causales sobre procesos de divergencia evolutiva. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la similitud citogenética entre Paralabrax maculatofasciatus y P. nebulifer, especies filogenéticamente cercanas que se distribuyen en el Pacífico oriental, mediante la comparación del número, tipo y tamaño de los cromosomas. El examen de células mitóticas de eleuteroembriones en ambas especies mostró un cariotipo constituido por 48 cromosomas acrocéntricos (2n = 48A; número fundamental = 48), sin la presencia de cromosomas heteromórficos. No se detectaron diferencias significativas entre especies, tanto en el tamaño promedio, como en la longitud relativa (LR) de los pares cromosómicos homeólogos que presentaron un valor máximo de 4 μm (LR = 5.5 %; par 1) y un mínimo de 1.7 μm (LR = 2.3 %; par 24). Este cariotipo es considerado ancestral dentro del Orden Perciformes y está presente en la mayoría de las especies de la Familia Serranidae. Con base en estos resultados se sustenta la hipótesis de que la divergencia evolutiva entre P. maculatofasciatus y P. nebulifer se originó a través del establecimiento de barreras reproductivas precopulatorias sin alteración cariotípica ni formación de barreras postcopulatorias, tanto precigóticas como postcigóticas. Evidencen of karyotypic stasis during the evolutionary divergence between Paralabrax maculatofasciatus and P. nebulifer (Perciformes: Serranidae) Information on chromosome structure is basic within the biological knowledge of any species and fundamental to the understanding of the cytogenetic phenomena underlying physiological, ontogenic and evolutionary processes. Knowledge on the degree of similarity of chromosomes in phylogenetically close species supplements the necessary information to raise causal hypotheses on the processes of evolutionary divergence. The objective of this study was to determine the cytogenetic similarity between Paralabrax maculatofasciatus and P. nebulifer, closely (phylogenetically) related species distributed in the Eastern Pacific, by comparing number, type and size of chromosomes of these taxa. The examination of mitotic cells from eleutheroembryos of both species showed a karyotype consisting of 48 acrocentric chromosomes (2n = 48A; fundamental number = 48), without the presence of heteromorphic chromosomes. No significant differences between species were observed in size and relative length (RL) of homeologous chromosome pairs which showed maximum and minimum values of 4 μm (RL = 5.5 %; pair 1) and 1.7 μm (RL = 2.3 %; pair 24), respectively. This karyotype is considered ancestral within the Order Perciformes and is present in most of the species of the Family Serranidae. The results found in this study supported the hypothesis that evolutionary divergence between P. maculatofasciatus and P. nebulifer occurred through the establishment of pre-mating reproductive barriers, without karyotype modification or formation of post-mating barriers, either pre-zygotic or post-zygotic.

A concise yet informative stroll through matrix metalloproteinases and TIMPs

2000 ◽  
Vol 113 (19) ◽  
pp. 3355-3356
Author(s):  
S.D. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Metalloproteinases ◽  
Biological Knowledge ◽  
Late Night ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Score Card ◽  
Tadpole Tail ◽  
The Family ◽  
Modern Era

Matrix Metalloproteinases and TIMPs by J. Frederick Woessner and Hideaki Nagase Oxford University Press (2000) pp. 223. ISBN 0–19-850268-0 35.00 Ever since Gross discovered that collagenase was responsible for resorption of the tadpole tail, there has been a small group of outstanding scientists that have dedicated their careers to the study of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The family of MMPs has now grown to over 20, and they have been implicated in multiple biological processes drawing the attention of scientists of many disciplines. Two leaders in the field who have ushered in the modern era of MMP biology are Fred Woessner and Hideake Nagase and they share their expertise in Matrix Metalloproteinases and TIMPs. In a concise, yet thorough manner, these authors provide the basic biochemical and biological basis for the study of MMPs. This information, laced with a strong sense of historical perspective, is conveyed in the same interesting manner in which they educated this reviewer and many others over late night scotch at MMP Gordon Conferences. For the interested novice, one will come away no longer needing a score card to keep track of MMP-1 through MMP-22 (perhaps more by now). One will understand which cells produce which MMPs and TIMPs in response to which stimuli. The reader will understand the multiple levels of regulation of MMP activity through gene transcription, proenzyme activation, and inhibition by TIMPs. The book is filled with readable tables depicting important concepts in classification, evolution, and substrate specificity. The authors provide extensive key references for further reading as only they can. The only area not extensively covered is the rapidly emerging in vivo function of MMPs that comes from transgenic and gene targeted mice and animal models. Perhaps this will be the sequel to this primer. As the biological role of these enzymes expands and it becomes more difficult for scientists to ignore MMPs, this book provides a meaningful and painless way to become fluent in the field. Upon completion of the text, readers will feel comfortable incorporating MMPs into their research endeavors. Hopefully this work will spark investigators to ask how these enzymes relate to one's own research interests thus broadening our general biological knowledge.

scholarly journals The Complete Plastid Genome of Artocarpus camansi: A High Degree of Conservation of the Plastome Structure in the Family Moraceae

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1179
Author(s):  
Ueric José Borges de Souza ◽  
Luciana Cristina Vitorino ◽  
Layara Alexandre Bessa ◽  
Fabiano Guimarães Silva
Keyword(s):  
Plastid Genome ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Gc Content ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Chloroplast Genes ◽  
Artocarpus Heterophyllus ◽  
Plastid Genomes ◽  
The Family ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Degree Of Similarity

Understanding the plastid genome is extremely important for the interpretation of the genetic mechanisms associated with essential physiological and metabolic functions, the identification of possible marker regions for phylogenetic or phylogeographic analyses, and the elucidation of the modes through which natural selection operates in different regions of this genome. In the present study, we assembled the plastid genome of Artocarpus camansi, compared its repetitive structures with Artocarpus heterophyllus, and searched for evidence of synteny within the family Moraceae. We also constructed a phylogeny based on 56 chloroplast genes to assess the relationships among three families of the order Rosales, that is, the Moraceae, Rhamnaceae, and Cannabaceae. The plastid genome of A. camansi has 160,096 bp, and presents the typical circular quadripartite structure of the Angiosperms, comprising a large single copy (LSC) of 88,745 bp and a small single copy (SSC) of 19,883 bp, separated by a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions each with a length of 25,734 bp. The total GC content was 36.0%, which is very similar to Artocarpus heterophyllus (36.1%) and other moraceous species. A total of 23,068 codons and 80 SSRs were identified in the A. camansi plastid genome, with the majority of the SSRs being mononucleotide (70.0%). A total of 50 repeat structures were observed in the A. camansi plastid genome, in contrast with 61 repeats in A. heterophyllus. A purifying selection signal was found in 70 of the 79 protein-coding genes, indicating that they have all been highly conserved throughout the evolutionary history of the genus. The comparative analysis of the structural characteristics of the chloroplast among different moraceous species found a high degree of similarity in the sequences, which indicates a highly conserved evolutionary model in these plastid genomes. The phylogenetic analysis also recovered a high degree of similarity between the chloroplast genes of A. camansi and A. heterophyllus, and reconfirmed the hypothesis of the intense conservation of the plastome in the family Moraceae.

scholarly journals Comparative cytogenetic patterns in Carangidae fishes in association with their distribution range

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-445
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Xavier Soares ◽  
Clóvis Coutinho da Motta Neto ◽  
Gideão Wagner Werneck Félix da Costa ◽  
Marcelo de Bello Cioffi ◽  
Luiz Antonio Carlos Bertollo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
5S Rdna ◽  
Fluorochrome Staining ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Migratory Capacity ◽  
The Family ◽  
Pericentric Inversions ◽  
Acrocentric Chromosomes ◽  
Predatory Fishes ◽  
Ribosomal Dnas ◽  
Large Distribution

Carangidae are an important and widespreaded family of pelagic predatory fishes that inhabit reef regions or open ocean areas, some species occupying a vast circumglobal distribution. Cytogenetic comparisons among representatives of its different tribes help to understand the process of karyotype divergence in marine ecosystems due to the variable migratory ability of species. In this sense, conventional cytogenetic investigations (Giemsa staining, Ag-NORs, and C-banding), GC base-specific fluorochrome staining and FISH mapping of ribosomal DNAs were performed. Four species, Elagatis bipinnulata (Quoy et Gaimard, 1825) and Seriola rivoliana (Valenciennes, 1883) (Naucratini), with circumtropical distributions, Gnathanodon speciosus (Forsskål, 1775) (Carangini), widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans, and Trachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Trachinotini), distributed along the western Atlantic Ocean, were analyzed, thus encompassing representatives of three out its four tribes. All species have diploid chromosome number 2n = 48, with karyotypes composed mainly by acrocentric chromosomes (NF = 50–56). The 18S rDNA/Ag-NORs/GC+ and 5S rDNA loci were located on chromosomes likely homeologs. Karyotypes showed a pattern considered basal for the family or with small variations in their structures, apparently due to pericentric inversions. The migratory capacity of large pelagic swimmers, in large distribution areas, likely restricts the fixation of chromosome changes in Carangidae responsible for a low level of karyotype diversification.

scholarly journals Patterns and traits associated with invasions by predatory marine crabs

NeoBiota ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 79-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheruscha Swart ◽  
Vernon Visser ◽  
Tamara B. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Alien Species ◽  
Invasion Success ◽  
Biological Knowledge ◽  
North West ◽  
Trait Analysis ◽  
The North ◽  
Biological Trait ◽  
The Family ◽  
Successful Establishment ◽  
Specific Species

Predatory crabs are considered amongst the most successful marine invasive groups. Nonetheless, most studies of these taxa have been descriptive in nature, biased towards specific species or regions and have seldom considered traits associated with invasiveness. To address this gap in knowledge, this study presents a global review of invasions by this group and applies biological trait analysis to investigate traits associated with invasion success. A total of 56 species belonging to 15 families were identified as having spread outside their native ranges. The family Portunidae supported the highest number of alien species (22). Most crabs had their origin in the North West Pacific IUCN bioregion while the Mediterranean Sea received the most species. No traits associated with successful establishment were identified, but this finding may reflect the paucity of basic biological knowledge held for many species. This lack of foundational knowledge was unexpected as crabs are large and conspicuous and likely to be well studied when compared to many other groups. Addressing this knowledge gap will be the first step towards enabling approaches like biological trait analysis that offer a means to investigate generalities in invasions.

scholarly journals Features of the chromosome set of representatives of smoothnosed bats of the North Caucasus

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-38
Author(s):  
R. I. Dzuyev ◽  
M. A. Khashkulova ◽  
V. N. Kanukova ◽  
E. A. Baragunova ◽  
R. K. Sabanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Role ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Main Method ◽  
The North ◽  
Pipistrellus Pipistrellus ◽  
The Family ◽  
Robertsonian Rearrangements ◽  
Karyological Data ◽  
Acrocentric Chromosomes ◽  
Eptesicus Serotinus

Aim. The aim of this work was to study the chromosome set of some representatives of smooth-nosed bats of the North Caucasus.Material and Methods. Various research methods were used to achieve this goal, including that of dried preparations (the main method for obtaining chromosomal preparations) and that of constructing karyograms.Results. A comparative analysis of the karyological data of 11 species of smooth-nosed bats of the North Caucasus was undertaken and the karyological characteristics of the species accepted in the latest reports on the fauna of Russia and the Caucasus were clarified. The similarity of G -bands in large pairs of meta- and submetacentric chromosomes in Myotis blythi, Myotis mystacinus, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Pipistrellus kuhli and Vepertilio murinus with bands in small and medium-sized acrocentric chromosomes such as in Eptesicus seotinus may indicate the evolution of the karyotype of the first species by Robertsonian translocation, i.e. compounds of acrocentric chromosomes of Eptesicus serotinus in various combinations. When comparing karyotypes in the family Vespertilionidae, it was found that the karyotype of Eptesicus serotinus is "archaic" (2n=50, NFa=48). With the help of karyological data, the authors composed schemes of phylogenetic relationships of genera in the family Vespertilionidae, which differ to a certain extent from the schemes compiled by taxonomists for representatives of this family.Conclusions. Based on the results obtained, we can conclude that the karyotype of Eptesicus serotinus is the most primitive among the representatives of the order of bats. The primary role in the evolution of this group was played by Robertsonian rearrangements and pericentric inversions (reduction of NFa and 2n from 50 to 38).

scholarly journals Study of floristic structure of the territory using family range in the Sok River basin (Samara Region, Zavolzhye, forest-steppe zone)

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Anastasia Viktorovna Ivanova ◽  
Natalia Viktorovna Kostina
Keyword(s):  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Individual Sample ◽  
Elementary Unit ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
Degree Of Similarity ◽  
Floristic Structure

Ecological approach to the study of flora implies an integral flora unit called elementary flora (EF), which is usually regarded as the elementary unit of floristic division. Identification of the minimum-range of EF is prerequisite for the research of flora of any territory. The aim of this research is to identify the number of EF in the research area (floral patterns) by comparing the values of certain parameters of the family range of flora in four minimum-ranges. The basin of the river Sok is the research area. Its landscape zoning varies in different literature sources. Florae of the four minimum-range habitats are formed on territorial basis with reference to the existing floristic descriptions. The following parameters of the family range of flora in four minimum-ranges were used: establishment of the order of the first triad of families depending on number of species in a sample, percentage of monotypic families and percentage of species in the top ten families. The considered values of florae parameters in the sample areas corresponding to the minimum-range habitats show a certain degree of similarity. The largest differences were observed in the study of the formation of top three leading families, depending on the number of species. This indicator reflects the peculiarities of individual sample areas due to the variety of intra-landscape. The authors reach a conclusion concerning the conditional affiliation of the researched territory to one EF. The conclusion is based on the analyzed parameters of the family range of flora of all minimum-ranges as well as their floristic descriptions

scholarly journals Chromosome Painting in Cultivated Bananas and Their Wild Relatives (Musa spp.) Reveals Differences in Chromosome Structure

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 7915
Author(s):  
Denisa Šimoníková ◽  
Alžběta Němečková ◽  
Jana Čížková ◽  
Allan Brown ◽  
Rony Swennen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Structure ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Cross Hybridization ◽  
The Family ◽  
Structural Chromosome ◽  
Cytogenetic Characterization ◽  
Musa Species ◽  
Painting Probes

Edible banana cultivars are diploid, triploid, or tetraploid hybrids, which originated by natural cross hybridization between subspecies of diploid Musa acuminata, or between M. acuminata and diploid Musa balbisiana. The participation of two other wild diploid species Musa schizocarpa and Musa textilis was also indicated by molecular studies. The fusion of gametes with structurally different chromosome sets may give rise to progenies with structural chromosome heterozygosity and reduced fertility due to aberrant chromosome pairing and unbalanced chromosome segregation. Only a few translocations have been classified on the genomic level so far, and a comprehensive molecular cytogenetic characterization of cultivars and species of the family Musaceae is still lacking. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with chromosome-arm-specific oligo painting probes was used for comparative karyotype analysis in a set of wild Musa species and edible banana clones. The results revealed large differences in chromosome structure, discriminating individual accessions. These results permitted the identification of putative progenitors of cultivated clones and clarified the genomic constitution and evolution of aneuploid banana clones, which seem to be common among the polyploid banana accessions. New insights into the chromosome organization and structural chromosome changes will be a valuable asset in breeding programs, particularly in the selection of appropriate parents for cross hybridization.

scholarly journals Cytogenetic description of Bunocephalus doriae Boulenger, 1902 (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Paraná River (Misiones, Argentina)

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 461-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Sérgio Fenocchio ◽  
Ana Cláudia Swarça
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Pair ◽  
Diploid Number ◽  
Secondary Constriction ◽  
Paraná River ◽  
Parana River ◽  
C Banding ◽  
The Family ◽  
Acrocentric Chromosomes

In this work, Bunocephalus doriae was cytogenetically analyzed. A karyotype with a diploid number of 2n= 50 comprising 6m, 10sm, 6st, and 28a (FN= 72) chromosomes was observed. The occurrence of an asymmetric karyotype with a large number of acrocentric chromosomes distinguishes this species from others the Order Siluriformes. An exclusive character observed is the first pair of subtelocentric as the largest chromosome pair of the complement. NORs detected using AgNO3 were located in the terminal regions, on the short arm of a subtelocentric chromosome pair (pair 11), in a secondary constriction. C-banding revealed heterochromatic centromeric regions on several chromosomes of the complement after C-banding. This is the first cytogenetic description of this species and the first cytogenetic report on a member of the family Aspredinidae.

scholarly journals Comparative Chromosome Mapping of Musk Ox and the X Chromosome among Some Bovidae Species

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Proskuryakova ◽  
Kulemzina ◽  
Perelman ◽  
Yudkin ◽  
Lemskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Painting ◽  
Chromosome Structure ◽  
Diploid Number ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Chromosome Mapping ◽  
Ovibos Moschatus ◽  
The Family ◽  
Musk Ox ◽  
Relic Species

: Bovidae, the largest family in Pecora infraorder, are characterized by a striking variability in diploid number of chromosomes between species and among individuals within a species. The bovid X chromosome is also remarkably variable, with several morphological types in the family. Here we built a detailed chromosome map of musk ox (Ovibos moschatus), a relic species originating from Pleistocene megafauna, with dromedary and human probes using chromosome painting. We trace chromosomal rearrangements during Bovidae evolution by comparing species already studied by chromosome painting. The musk ox karyotype differs from the ancestral pecoran karyotype by six fusions, one fission, and three inversions. We discuss changes in pecoran ancestral karyotype in the light of new painting data. Variations in the X chromosome structure of four bovid species nilgai bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus), saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis), gaur (Bos gaurus), and Kirk’s Dikdik (Madoqua kirkii) were further analyzed using 26 cattle BAC-clones. We found the duplication on the X in saola. We show main rearrangements leading to the formation of four types of bovid X: Bovinae type with derived cattle subtype formed by centromere reposition and Antilopinae type with Caprini subtype formed by inversion in XSB3.

Biochemical systematics of the marine fish family Centrolophidae (Teleostei:Stromateoidei) from Australian waters

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1157 ◽  
Author(s):  
CJS Bolch ◽  
RD Ward ◽  
PR Last
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Allozyme Electrophoresis ◽  
Stable Group ◽  
Fish Family ◽  
Upgma Tree ◽  
The Family ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Degree Of Similarity

The phylogenetic relationships of 11 stromateoid species (nine from the Family Centrolophidae and one each from the Nomeidae and Tetragonuridae) were examined by allozyme electrophoresis. Data from 30 loci were used for three phylogenetic analyses. Two phenetic trees were derived: a UPGMA tree derived from Nei's unbiased genetic distance, and a distance-Wagner tree based on modified Rogers' distances. A cladistic analysis, using maximum parsimony, was also carried out with loci as characters and alleles as unordered states. The tree topology of all three analyses showed a high degree of similarity, which increased confidence in the phylogenetic interpretation and generally supported the classical taxonomic theory of centrolophid relationships. The 'hard-spined' centrolophid taxa, including Seriolella, Psenopsis, Schedophilus labyrinthicus and Hyperoglyphe, formed a stable group In all trees. Psenopsis was closely allied to Seriolella in all three analyses, which supports the view that this genus is derived from Seriolella. Centrolophus and Tubbia consistently diverged from the ancestral line of taxa near the base of the tree, so may have diverged from ancestral stock earlier than previously thought. The most striking departure from current taxonomic theory was the wide separation of Schedophilus labyrinthicus and Schedophilus huttoni, indicating that the genus Schedophilus is polyphyletic. A revision of the genus is needed and should include morphological and electrophoretic analyses of all Schedophilus species, with particular reference to the type species S. medusophagus.

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