scholarly journals Culturable bacterial abundance in Volvariella volvacea cultivation medium and characterization of its bacteria

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-21
Author(s):  
Masrukhin Masrukhin ◽  
Iwan Saskiawan
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Bacterial Abundance ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Mushroom Cultivation ◽  
Volvariella Volvacea ◽  
Cultivation Medium ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Straw Mushroom

Straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) is one of the popular edible fungi in Indonesia. Previous researches showed the correlation among the type of substrate, substrate quality, and its composting process to the microbial community, yield, and biological efficiency. The aim of the research is to analyze the culturable bacteria abundance in straw mushroom cultivation medium, characterize the bacteria in several stages of mushroom cultivation and investigate the interaction between V. volvacea with its resident bacteria. Samples were taken from mushroom farmers in Subang and Karawang regencies, Indonesia. The materials for cultivation medium are the mixture of cotton and paddy straw and the pasteurization was performed at 65-70°C for 7 hours. The result shows the abundance of the bacteria in most of the cultivation stages is relatively similar i.e. 108 CFU/g, except in 15 days after inoculation (DAI), the bacterial abundance is lower i.e.6.24 x 107 CFU/g. Twenty-five isolates were obtained and Gram-positive bacteria is the dominant bacteria found in the cultivation medium, especially rod-shaped Gram-positive bacteria. According to co-culture assay there are nine isolates that decrease the growth rate and clearly inhibit mycelial growth. The other 10 isolates have lower inhibitory activity, and 6 isolates have no inhibitory activity to the mycelial growth. C38 isolates have the highest mycelial growth inhibition. It belongs to rod-shaped Gram positive group of bacteria which isolated from the early stage of V. volvacea cultivation medium (5 DAI).

Antimicrobial factors in wool wax

1971 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
BS Goodrich ◽  
DS Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Wall Surface ◽  
Acid Fraction ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Wool Wax

(+)-10-Methyldodecanoic acid and 12-methyltridecanoic acid have been isolated from the acid fraction of wool wax. These acids have a high inhibitory activity against Gram positive bacteria, but not against Gram negatives or fungi. A steric relationship with the Gram positive cell wall surface is suggested.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial analysis of Triphala and comparison with its individual constituents

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (03) ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darshna Mahajan ◽  
Sapna Jain
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Equal Proportion ◽  
Emblica Officinalis ◽  
Inhibitory Zone ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Terminalia Bellerica ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

Triphala, a well known ayurvedic formulation is used against number of ailments since ancient times. It consists of Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellerica in equal proportion. Triphala as a whole and its three individual constituents show specific antimicrobial activity against certain bacteria and fungi. Antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract of triphala and its constituents was studied against P.aeruginasa, E.coli , B.subtilis, K. pneumoniae and S.aureus by cup-plate method. Triphala was found strongly bactericidal against P. aeruginosa with 1.8 cm of inhibitory zone. This was on account of T. chebula which showed 1.2 cm of inhibitory zone against the same pathogen, followed by E. coli and other two Gram positive bacteria. T. bellerica however showed maximum inhibitory activity against B.subtilis by showing 2.2 cm of inhibitory zone. It was confirmed that antimicrobial activity against Gram negative bacteria is due to T. chebula and E. officinalis while antimicrobial activity against Gram positive bacteria is on account of T. bellerica. Antifungal activity of Triphala and its constituents was studied against two pathogenic fungi viz. Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans by the same method. Triphala was found more efficient against A. niger, this was on account of T. bellerica which showed nearly 2 cm zone of inhibition. T. bellerica and Triphala showed more than 2 cm inhibitory zone against C. albicans. Inhibitory zone of Emblica officinalis was observed to be of 1.5-2 cm against both the fungi, whereas T. chebula did not show inhibitory activity against C. albicans but showed nearly 1 cm of inhibitory zone against A. niger. This confirms that the antifungal activity of Triphala is primarily due to T. bellerica and E. offiicinalis.

Virgicin, a novel lanthipeptide from Virgibacillus sp. strain AK90 exhibits inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasundhera Gupta ◽  
Shelley Sardul Singh ◽  
Chandni Sidhu ◽  
Vishakha Grover ◽  
Anil Kumar Pinnaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

scholarly journals Bacteriological Study of salivaricin production from treptococcus salivarius isolated from the oral cavity

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Ibtihal AbdulHadi Majeed ◽  
Abdulkareem Al-Kazaz ◽  
Moayad Sabri ◽  
Sahar Abdul-Wahab
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Streptococcus Salivarius ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Bacteriological Study ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

A total of 115 samples (oral cavity swabs) were collected from healthy individuals. Sixty eight isolates were identified as Streptococcus salivarius using microscopical, biochemical and serotyping tests. The ability of Streptococcus salivarius local isolates to produce salivaricin was detected by testing the inhibitory activity against gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria. Results showed that only 26 isolates were capable of producing salivaricin and showed inhibitory activity against some gram positive isolates especially S. pyogenes, while no inhibitory effect was noticed towards the gram negative isolates that were used in this study. S. salivarius IS9 was selected according to its efficiency of inhibiting activity against a number of tested bacteria.The results of determination of antagonistic effect of IS9 against all local isolates of S. salivarius showed that 45 isolates of them were affected, while 23 isolates were not affected.

scholarly journals A Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Volvariella volvacea Identified the Candidate Genes Involved in Fast Growth at the Mycelial Growth Stage

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Ming Liu ◽  
Ting Yu ◽  
Puneet Kumar Singh ◽  
Qinjian Liu ◽  
Hao Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Strain Improvement ◽  
Fast Growth ◽  
Cdna Libraries ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Volvariella Volvacea ◽  
Straw Mushroom

The edible straw mushroom, Volvariella volvacea, is one of the most important cultivated mushrooms in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Strain improvement for V. volvacea is difficult because of the unknown mechanisms involved in its growth regulation and substrate utilization. A comparative physiological and transcriptomic study was conducted between two commercially available straw mushroom strains (v9 and v26) to explore their fast-growth regulation mechanism(s). The physiological study showed that V. volvacea v9 had a shorter growth cycle and higher biological efficiency (4% higher) than that in v26. At least 14,556 unigenes were obtained from the four cDNA libraries (two replicates per strain). Among them, the expression of 1597 unigenes was up-regulated while 1352 were down-regulated. Four heat-shock proteins were highly expressed in v9, showing that v9 has the better ability to handle stresses and/or environmental changes. Moreover, up to 14 putative transporter genes were expressed at a higher level in v9 than those in v26, implying that v9 has a better ability to transport nutrients or export xenobiotics efficiently. Our report allows to identify the candidate genes involved in the fast growth requirement of V. volvacea, which represents a valuable resource for strain improvement in this commercially important edible mushroom.

scholarly journals Mining and Statistical Modeling of Natural and Variant Class IIa Bacteriocins Elucidate Activity and Selectivity Profiles across Species

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel T. Tresnak ◽  
Benjamin J. Hackel
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Peptide Sequence ◽  
Phosphotransferase System ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Proteolytic Stability ◽  
Selective Activity

ABSTRACT Class IIa bacteriocin antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a compelling alternative to current antimicrobials because of potential specific activity toward antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Engineering of these molecules would be enhanced by a better understanding of AMP sequence-activity relationships to improve efficacy in vivo and limit effects of off-target activity. Toward this goal, we experimentally evaluated 210 natural and variant class IIa bacteriocins for antimicrobial activity against six strains of enterococci. Inhibitory activity was ridge regressed to AMP sequence to predict performance, achieving an area under the curve of 0.70 and demonstrating the potential of statistical models for identifying and designing AMPs. Active AMPs were individually produced and evaluated against eight enterococcus strains and four Listeria strains to elucidate trends in susceptibility. It was determined that the mannose phosphotransferase system (manPTS) sequence is informative of susceptibility to class IIa bacteriocins, yet other factors, such as membrane composition, also contribute strongly to susceptibility. A broadly potent bacteriocin variant (lactocin DT1) from a Lactobacillus ruminis genome was identified as the only variant with inhibitory activity toward all tested strains, while a novel enterocin variant (DT2) from an Enterococcus faecium genome demonstrated specificity toward Listeria strains. Eight AMPs were evaluated for proteolytic stability to trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin, and three C-terminal disulfide-containing variants, including divercin V41, were identified as compelling for future in vivo studies, given their high potency and proteolytic stability. IMPORTANCE Class IIa bacteriocin antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), an alternative to traditional small-molecule antibiotics, are capable of selective activity toward various Gram-positive bacteria, limiting negative side effects associated with broad-spectrum activity. This selective activity is achieved through targeting of the mannose phosphotransferase system (manPTS) of a subset of Gram-positive bacteria, although factors affecting this mechanism are not entirely understood. Peptides identified from genomic data, as well as variants of previously characterized AMPs, can offer insight into how peptide sequence affects activity and selectivity. The experimental methods presented here identify promising potent and selective bacteriocins for further evaluation, highlight the potential of simple computational modeling for prediction of AMP performance, and demonstrate that factors beyond manPTS sequence affect bacterial susceptibility to class IIa bacteriocins.

scholarly journals Mode of Action of Van-M-02, a Novel Glycopeptide Inhibitor of Peptidoglycan Synthesis, in Vancomycin-Resistant Bacteria

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 960-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Miura ◽  
Hidenori Yamashiro ◽  
Kouichi Uotani ◽  
Satoshi Kojima ◽  
Takashi Yutsudo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Peptidoglycan Synthesis ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

ABSTRACT Van-M-02, a novel glycopeptide, was revealed to exert potent activities against Gram-positive bacteria, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA). A crude assay system was then used to study the mode of action of Van-M-02 as a peptidoglycan synthesis model of both vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant strains. The results suggested that Van-M-02 inhibits the synthesis of lipid intermediates irrespective of their termini. This inhibitory activity may contribute to the anti-VRE and anti-VRSA activities observed.

scholarly journals Cultivation of Oyster Mushroom: A Sustainable Approach of Rural Development in Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
Chandra P. Pokhrel
Keyword(s):  
Rice Bran ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Oyster Mushroom ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Mushroom Cultivation ◽  
Corn Cob ◽  
Paper Waste ◽  
Head Formation

This study attempts to investigate the easily acceptable and low cost technology of Oyster mushroom cultivation. Locally and easily available substrates such as corn cob, vegetable residue and waste paper were examined with the supplementation of rice bran and chicken manure separately. During the study mycelial growth, spawn run, pin head formation, yield and biological efficiency were observed. Best mycelial extension, early pin head formation and better yield were observed in corn cob substrate followed by paper waste and vegetable residue. Among the substrates used, corn cob showed the highest yield with range from 99.08 to 109.50 % biological efficiency, whereas 69.81 to 88.36 % and 52.26 to 65.22 % biological efficiency was observed in paper waste and vegetable residue respectively. Rice bran was the best supplement for the promotion of growth and development of Oyster mushroom. Journal of Institute of Science and TechnologyVol. 21, No. 1, 2016, page:56-60 

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