scholarly journals French loanwords in Vietnamese: the role of input language phonotactics and contrast in loanword adaptation

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoonjung Kang ◽  
Andrea Hòa Phạm ◽  
Benjamin Storme
Keyword(s):  
Input Language ◽  
Loanword Adaptation ◽  
Phonetic Similarity ◽  
Adaptation Pattern ◽  
Phonological Knowledge ◽  
First Case ◽  
L2 Phonology ◽  
Phonological Contrasts

This study examines the adaptation of French vowels in Vietnamese focusing on adaptation patterns that seem to defy a straightforward analysis based on native phonotactic restrictions or comparison of phonetic input-output similarity. A proper analysis requires reference to knowledge of the input language phonology. In the first case study, we observe that Vietnamese adapters extend the French phonotactic tendencies, i.e., Loi de Position, to loan adaptation productively. Such “intrusion” of L2 phonology knowledge may arise when phonetics underdetermines the adaptation and the adapters look to their knowledge of L2 phonology to arrive at adaptation. It is also notable that the L2 knowledge employed in adaptation is not native-like as the adaptation is not always isomorphic to the French input. In the second case study, the contrast of L2 phonology (/ʁ/ vs. /k/) is neutralized due to an L1 phonological restriction (i.e., no /ʁ/ in Vietnamese coda) but the Vietnamese adaptation systematically retains the contrast in the quality and length difference in the preceding vowel. There is plausible phonetic motivation for this adaptation pattern, but phonetically faithful mapping underdetermines the attested adaptation pattern, and reference to knowledge of L2 phonological contrasts is necessary. These findings illustrate the complexity of the loanword adaptation process, where a variety of different factors including L1 phonological restrictions, phonetic similarity, and L2 phonological knowledge, interact to affect adaptation.

FIRST CASE SERIES OF VENOUS SINUS STENTING IN IIH PATIENTS IN WALES

2015 ◽  
Vol 86 (11) ◽  
pp. e4.113-e4
Author(s):  
Gauhar Abbas Malik ◽  
Yogish Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Intracranial Hypertension ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Headache Disorder ◽  
Venous Sinus ◽  
First Line ◽  
Venous Stenting ◽  
First Case ◽  
Sinus Stenosis

BackgroundIdiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH), is defined by increased cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) pressure in the absence of other causes of intracranial hypertension. There has been recent interest in the role of intracranial venous sinus stenosis in IIH. The raised pressures in IIH are argued to worsen by the secondary appearance of the venous sinus stenosis.Objective5 patients have undergone endovascular pressure measurement in Wales and their clinical details including history, examination, initial management, neuroimaging pre- and post venous stenting, and follow-up (6–24 months) to provide the first case study of patients undergoing Venous sinus stenting in Wales.Methods5 patients with IIH refractory to first line treatments underwent venography and manometry and 4 patients underwent stenting of the venous sinuses after this procedure had shown a pressure gradient proximal to stenosis in the lateral sinuses.ResultsThree patients were rendered asymptomatic, two were improved including one patient unmasking a different headache disorder following treatment.ConclusionsStenting in venous stenosis provides a further treatment option to patients refractory to first line treatments with IIH. This case series highlights in selected cases treatment is promising with good outcomes.

scholarly journals Chest CT as a Complement to RT-PCR to Confirm and Follow-up COVID-19 Patients

Medicinus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Aziza Ghanie Icksan ◽  
Muhammad Hafiz ◽  
Annisa Dian Harlivasari
Keyword(s):  
Chest Ct ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
High Resolution Computed Tomography ◽  
X Ray ◽  
First Case ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
Polymerase Chain

<p><strong>Background : </strong>The first case of COVID-19 in Indonesia was recorded in March 2020. Limitation of reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has put chest CT as an essential complementary tool in the diagnosis and follow up treatment for COVID-19. Literatures strongly suggested that High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) is essential in diagnosing typical symptoms of COVID-19 at the early phase of disease due to its superior sensitivity  (97%) compared to chest x-ray (CXR).</p><p>The two cases presented in this case study showed the crucial role of chest CT with HRCT to establish the working diagnosis and follow up COVID-19 patients as a complement to RT-PCR, currently deemed a gold standard.<strong></strong></p>

Serving two masters

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 534-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik De Smet ◽  
Freek Van de Velde
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Free Relatives ◽  
Form Function ◽  
First Case ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Syntactic Status ◽  
Eventual Outcome

This paper examines two cases of so-called syntactic amalgams. In syntactic amalgams a particular string that is shared by two constructions is exploited to combine them, in such a way that one of the constructions functions as a modifier of the other. Typical examples are after God knows how many years (< after many years + God knows how many years) and a big enough house (< a big house + big enough). In formal theories, these kinds of constructions have been insightfully described as ‘grafts’. However, the exact process through which these amalgams arise remains unexplored. When studied closely, these processes reveal form–function friction not fully accounted for by the graft metaphor. Syntactic amalgams typically serve a subjective function and have been recruited for this purpose. However, because they consist of a syntagm that is still internally parsable, they tend to resist full reanalysis. More precisely, their original syntax continues to constrain their use. As such, amalgams get caught between their original syntax, which remains transparent, and their new function, which suggests a new syntactic status. This appears clearly from contrastive studies of amalgams in Dutch and English that are functionally similar but whose use is constrained in different ways due to structural differences between the two languages. Our first case study deals with the Dutch and English amalgam wie weet / who knows. A contrastive analysis of the development of the respective items shows both the conservative effect of the origin of change and the attraction exerted by the target of change. The second case we discuss in detail involves so-called transparent free relatives. A contrastive analysis shows the role of the overall grammar of a language in licensing change, in this case with Dutch word order posing more difficulties to the new focusing function of transparent free relatives. In general, both case studies show the formation of syntactic amalgams to be sensitive to system pressures both in the course of their development and in the eventual outcome of change.

scholarly journals Trends of SARS-Cov-2 infection in 67 countries: Role of climate zone, temperature, humidity and curve behavior of cumulative frequency on duplication time

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Berumen ◽  
Max Schmulson ◽  
Guadalupe Guerrero ◽  
Elizabeth Barrera ◽  
Jorge Larriva-Sahd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Curve ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Cumulative Frequency ◽  
Climate Zone ◽  
First Case ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lineal Regression

Summary Objective. To analyze the role of temperature, humidity, date of first case diagnosed (DFC) and the behavior of the growth-curve of cumulative frequency (CF) [number of days to rise (DCS) and reach the first 100 cases (D100), and the difference between them (ΔDD)] with the doubling time (Td) of Covid-19 cases in 67 countries grouped by climate zone. Design. Retrospective incident case study. Setting. WHO based register of cumulative incidence of Covid-19 cases. Participants. 1,706,914 subjects diagnosed between 12-29-2019 and 4-15-2020. Exposures. SARS-Cov-2 virus, ambient humidity, temperature and climate areas (temperate, tropical/subtropical). Main outcome measures. Comparison of DCS, D100, ΔDD, DFC, humidity, temperature, Td for the first (Td10) and second (Td20) ten days of the CF growth-curve between countries according to climate zone, and identification of factors involved in Td, as well as predictors of CF using lineal regression models. Results. Td10 and Td20 were ≥3 days longer in tropical/subtropical vs. temperate areas (2.8[plusmn]1.2 vs. 5.7[plusmn]3.4; p=1.41E-05 and 4.6[plusmn]1.8 vs. 8.6[plusmn]4.2; p=9.7E-05, respectively). The factors involved in Td10 (DFC and ΔDD) were different than those in Td20 (Td10 and climate areas). After D100, the fastest growth-curves during the first 10 days, were associated with Td10<2 and Td10<3 in temperate and tropical/subtropical countries, respectively. The fold change Td20/Td10 >2 was associated with earlier flattening of the growth-curve. In multivariate models, Td10, DFC and ambient temperature were negatively related with CF and explained 44.7% (r2 = 0.447) of CF variability at day 20 of the growth-curve, while Td20 and DFC were negatively related with CF and explained 63.8% (r2 = 0.638) of CF variability towards day 30 of the growth-curve. Conclusions. The larger Td in tropical/subtropical countries is positively related to DFC and temperature. Td and environmental factors explain 64% of CF variability in the best of cases. Therefore, other factors, such as pandemic containment measures, would explain the remaining variability.

Al-Mg-Si: Microstructural Analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcello Cabibbo
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Severe Plastic Deformation ◽  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
Strengthening Effect ◽  
Angular Pressing ◽  
Zr Addition ◽  
First Case ◽  
Specific Modeling

This article presents two case studies referring to the severe plastic deformation applied to Al-Mg-Si alloys. In a first case study, an Al-Mg-Si alloy in a T6 temper is subjected to equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP), and all the microstructure strengthening contributions to the alloy yield stress are determined through specific modeling and then validated. In a second case study, two Al-Mg-Si alloys, one with Zr addition and a second with Sc-Zr addition, are subjected to ECAP after a T6 temper in an overaged status. In the second case, the role of the Zr- and Sc-Zr-containing nanometer dispersoids is described, and the related strengthening effect is modeled according to the models presented in the first case study.

scholarly journals Prototypical Predicates Have Unmarked Phonology

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Pitch Accent ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Least Privilege ◽  
Unaccusative Verbs ◽  
Tokyo Japanese ◽  
Phonological Contrasts ◽  
Category Effects ◽  
General Scale

Recent work recognizes that phonological processes and phonotactics can be sensitive to lexical category. Moreover, there are strong cross-linguistic tendencies concerning the nature of phonological differences between categories. One such tendency is a hierarchy of phonological privilege, N &gt; A &gt; V: nouns tend to license more phonological contrasts and tolerate more marked structures than adjectives, with verbs showing the least privilege and therefore the greatest phonological unmarkedness.<p style="margin-bottom: 0in;" lang="zxx">This paper proposes that the N &gt; A &gt; V hierarchy of phonological privilege derives from a more general scale, according to which protypical designators (or arguments) have more phonological privilege, and prototypical predicates show greater unmarkedness. This approach predicts that even <em>within</em> a given lexical category, such as V, category members that are more prototypical as predicates should show greater unmarkedness.</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in;" lang="zxx">A case study is presented in support of this proposal. In Tokyo Japanese, unergative verbs (more-prototypical predicates) show greater phonological unmarkedness with respect to pitch accent than unaccusative verbs (less-prototypical predicates). Some preliminary implications of this finding for our understanding of lexical-category effects in phonology, and of the role of markedness scales in the grammar, are also considered.</p>

scholarly journals The Role of Theory in SLA Empirical Research on the Critical Period Hypothesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paige Yi
Keyword(s):  
Critical Period ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Critical Period Hypothesis ◽  
L2 Phonology ◽  
Naturalistic Environment ◽  
Ultimate Attainment

This paper sets out to peruse the role of various theories or more precisely, hypotheses invoked in SLA research by surveying three empirical studies pertaining to the critical period hypothesis in the SLA of phonetics and phonology. In particular, the three studies which will be reviewed in the next section are titled in chronological order as (1) A critical period for learning to pronounce foreign languages? (Flege, 1987); (2) Reexamining the critical period hypothesis: A case study of successful adult SLA in a naturalistic environment. (Ioup et al., 1994); (3) Ultimate attainment in L2 Phonology: The Critical Factors of Age, Motivation, and Instruction (Moyer, 1999).

scholarly journals BALANCING TRADITION AND DEVELOPMENT? EARLY TRIALS OF A METHODOLOGY FOR STUDYING VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE AND ITS TRANSFORMATIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIV-M-1-2020 ◽  
pp. 781-788
Author(s):  
M. Lidón de Miguel ◽  
L. García-Soriano ◽  
C. Mileto ◽  
F. Trizio
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Research ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Village

Abstract. In the age of globalization, it becomes necessary to assess the possibilities for the conservation of the characteristic identity features of vernacular architectural heritage. The changes undergone in traditional dwellings appear to be on different scales in societies that are considered developed, and in those that are developing, while the idea of development itself can be the main precursor to change. A study underway aims to identify the nature of the transformations occurring both in traditional architecture and in the society that builds it through case studies and to determine the influence of the concept of “development” in these changes, spotting the potential role of cooperation in the conservation of vernacular architectural heritage and its capacity for sustainability. The analysis of the first case study, the village of Baasneere (Burkina Faso), has made it possible to implement a methodology based on the review of literature, quantitative and qualitative research techniques and the use of three types of cataloguing fiches on three aspects (urban, typological, constructive) of dwellings under study. Although it needs to be adapted to the specific characteristics of the new case studies, the methodology proposed has been proven valid in the study of vernacular settings and their transformations and is also expected to be of use in establishing comparisons between different contexts.

Three Korean transcription systems for Mandarin loanwords

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-272
Author(s):  
Youyong Qian
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Loanword Adaptation ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Robust Model

Abstract This paper investigates the factors involved in the adaptation of loanwords and how these factors influence each other through a case study of three systems of transcription for Mandarin loanwords in Korean. The result of this study demonstrates that perception, phonology, and source-language orthography are all important factors in the three systems of transcription. This study provides empirical evidence to what causes speakers of the same native language – in our case, Korean – to propose different adapted forms for the same source input and argues that variation in adaption patterns can be viewed as results of different constraints and different rankings of the same constraints. Last, this study invites researchers to pay more attention to the role of borrowers in the hope of building a more robust model of loanword adaptation.

Multiple-Music Versions?

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-164
Author(s):  
INGEBORG ZECHNER
Keyword(s):  
Film Industry ◽  
German Film ◽  
Sound Film ◽  
The Past ◽  
First Case ◽  
Internationalisation Strategy ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Adaptation Practice

With the advent of sound film in the early 1930s the German film industry produced so-called multiple-language versions as a part of its internationalisation strategy. These versions were produced for the French, English, and Italian markets (often) with a new cast of actors. Despite the importance of music in these films, a systematic study on the role of music in these multiple-language versions is still lacking. This article offers a first case study on the topic by comparing the German, Italian, and French versions of the sound film-operetta Paprika (1932/1933). It will be illustrated that the music (rather than sound) as well as the use of the musical material in the versions of Paprika differed significantly. Musical adaptation was used as an important means to shape the film’s narrative and to create a distinct aesthetic for each of the film’s versions. Historically, there are evident parallels to the adaptation practice of opera and operetta over the past centuries.

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