ONLINE LEARNING IN SOCIAL ADAPTATION PERSPECTIVE

The trend of online learning is growing. Through the Circular of theMinister of Education and Culture Numbers 2 and 3 of 2020 requires that the entire teaching and learning process be carried out online. Not all elements of society can accept online learning patterns as a medium for transforming knowledge due to the availability of infrastructure to the characteristics of the community itself. This study aims to explain implementing online learning with the adaptation pattern proposed by Robert Merton. The research design used is a literature review. Articles are collected using the Science and Technology Index (Sinta) link, Garba Reference Digital (Garuda), Ministry of Religious Affairs Reference (Moraref), Indonesian Scientific Repository (Neliti) The Preprint Server of Indonesia (RINarxiv). The time range used is 2011-2021. Based on theresults of the study and analysis of the articles collected, it was found that the pattern of adaptation carried out by educators and students is the antithesis of policies issued by the government. The pattern of adaptation carried out by the community is based on the resources and characteristics they have.

Regulamin działu forum dyskusyjnego

Internet Forum Rules. Structural Determinants of a Genre Pattern The purpose of this article is to describe the genre identity and components of the structural aspect of the genre pattern of internet forum rules, taking into account the newest genological theories related to genre hybridism and genre-formation processes occurring in texts. The methodology of research uses the methods of genological analysis based on the theory of Maria Wojtak. According to this theory, the analysis of the structural aspect is one of the key elements which make it possible to define the genre identity of the text. The research material consists of twenty-two texts from the Sports Internet Forum, which perform the function of regulating and determining the principles of communication on the forum, and which are called the ‘forum rules’ by the users. In its pragmatic aspect, such rules refer to the official genre of regulations, and it may either represent its alternation or adaptation pattern, or function as an independent genre.

Ecomorphology of Ostrea edulis (Linnaeus, 1758) in Kuala Gigieng Waters, Aceh Besar District

Ostrea edulis is one of the most common types of meat oysters and is commonly consumed by people in Kuala Gigieng, but until now there is not much scientific information about this species. The purpose of this study was to describe the ecomorphology of Ostrea edulis in Kuala Gigieng waters. This research was conducted from August to September 2013 in Kuala Gigieng Waters, Aceh Besar District. The method used in this research is purposive sampling. Identification of samples based on shell morphological characteristics including the exterior and interior of the shell using a magnifier lamp. The results showed that Ostrea edulis found in Kuala Gigieng waters had round, rough, hard, thick and uneven shells. The two valves are also not the same size, where the left valve is more concave than the right valve which tends to be flat. This is a form of the adaptation pattern of Ostrea edulis in Kuala Gigieng which tends to have a medium sand and clay sand substrate with a fairly high predation from both natural and human predation.

Variation in loanword adaptation: A case from Mandarin Chinese

Mandarin speakers tend to adapt intervocalic nasals as either an onset of the following syllable (e.g. Bruno → bù.lŭ .n uò), as a nasal geminate (e.g. Daniel → dā n.n í.ěr), or as one of the above forms (e.g. Tiffany → dì.fú. n í or dì.fē n.n í). Huang and Lin (2013, 2016) identified two factors that may induce the nasal gemination repair: (1) when stress falls on the pre-nasal vowel and (2) when the pre-nasal vowel is a non-high lax vowel. They hypothesized that Mandarin Chinese speakers insert a nasal coda to perceptually approximate the stronger nasalization and longer syllable duration associated with the stressed syllables, and the shorter vowel duration of a lax vowel because the vowels in closed syllables are shorter in Mandarin. The results from two forced-choice identification experiments and an open-ended transcription task showed that although Mandarin speakers’ choices of different repairs were indeed biased by the different phonetic manipulations, suggesting an effect of perceptual similarity, their decisions were mainly guided by native phonotactics. The overall findings suggest that phonotactic, phonetic, as well as non-linguistic (i.e. frequency) factors interact with each other, resulting in the variable adaptation pattern.

LIVELIHOOD STRATEGY AND ADAPTATION PATTERN TO RAINFALL ANOMALY IN TOMRA VILLAGE, LETI DISTRICT, SOUTHWEST MALUKU REGENCY

<p>The current researches about livelihood strategy in small island are not comprehensively revealing the impact of climate change, especially rainfall, on livelihood strategy of household. The objective of this research is to analyze livelihood strategy as the form of adaptation to rainfall anomaly in Tomra Village, Leti District, Southwest Maluku Regency. Village sample is purposively selected, which is specified on villages that conduct farming and fishery activities simultaneously. Household sample is also determined purposively, which is resulting in 25 fisher households. Data are analyzed with qualitative analysis technique to understand the adaptation pattern of fisher household to rainfall anomaly. Moreover, rainfall anomaly is measured with <em>Oceanic Nino Index</em> (ONI) that takes source from the measurement of <em>Sea Surface Temperature</em> (SST). Result of research indicates that rainfall anomaly has disturbed fishing activity as fisher’s livelihood work. This situation is dealt by household by utilizing various livelihood strategies, which among others are intensifying livestock breeding, entering non-farm jobs (working as livestock breeding laborer), and starting off-farm business (being fish trader). Livestock breeding and copra are done by 56 percents households, and this activity contributes for 65.5 percents to the revenue of households. The next household revenue is contributed by coconut commodity (copra), crop (corn), jobs as fisher laborer, livestock breeding laborer, and fish trader.</p>