scholarly journals Iambic and Trochaic Rhythm in Jieyang (Southern Min)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suki Yiu
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Complex Tone ◽  
Tone Sandhi ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Tone Languages ◽  
Intensity Measurements ◽  
Southern Min ◽  
The Law ◽  
Rhythmic Organization

This paper examines the application of the Iambic/Trochaic Law to complex tone languages like Jieyang (Teochew, Southern Min). With bidirectional tone sandhi on top of its six-tone inventory, duration and intensity measurements were obtained and fitted into Linear Mixed Effects Regression models to inspect whether duration and intensity contrasts of the two sandhi types match the predictions based on the Law. Results confirmed an interaction between rhythmic type and sandhi type, and that prominence indicated by duration and intensity contrasts largely behaves the way as predicted by the Law. This suggests that tone sandhi can be metrically-motivated via duration and intensity, contributing to the rhythmic organization of tone languages altogether.This paper has provided novel support for metrical prominence of tone languages based on the Iambic/Trochaic Law, adding complex tone languages and production results to the recent literature on rhythmic groupings.

A Multivariate Approach to Lexical Diversity in Constrained Language

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-194
Author(s):  
Marta Kajzer-Wietrzny ◽  
Ilmari Ivaska
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Multivariate Approach ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Lexical Diversity ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Word Repetition

Empirical Translation Studies have recently extended the scope of research to other forms of constrained and mediated communication, including bilingual communication, editing, and intralingual translation. Despite the diversity of factors accounted for so far, this new strand of research is yet to take the leap into intermodal comparisons. In this paper we look at Lexical Diversity (LD), which under different guises, has been studied both within Translation Studies (TS) and Second Language Acquisition (SLA). LD refers to the rate of word repetition, and vocabulary size and depth, and previous research indicates that translated and non-native language tends to be less lexically diverse. There is, however, no study that would investigate both varieties within a unified methodological framework. The study reported here looks at LD in spoken and written modes of constrained and non-constrained language. In a two-step analysis involving Exploratory Factor Analysis and linear mixed-effects regression models we find interpretations to be least lexically diverse and written non-constrained texts to be most diverse. Speeches delivered impromptu are less diverse than those read out loud and the non-constrained texts are more sensitive to such delivery-related differences than the constrained ones.

scholarly journals Estimating functional linear mixed-effects regression models

2017 ◽  
Vol 106 ◽  
pp. 153-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baisen Liu ◽  
Liangliang Wang ◽  
Jiguo Cao
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects

China and Siberia

2020 ◽  
pp. 331-343
Author(s):  
Jie Zhang ◽  
San Duanmu ◽  
Yiya Chen
Keyword(s):  
Mainland China ◽  
Lexical Tone ◽  
Tone Sandhi ◽  
Tone Languages ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Complex Patterns ◽  
Experimental Findings

This chapter provides a summary of the prosodic systems of varieties of Chinese spoken in mainland China and Taiwan as well as languages in Siberia, in particular Ket. What the Chinese languages and Ket share is their tonal nature. This chapter highlights three unique aspects of the prosody of these languages. First, it surveys the typologically complex patterns of tonal alternation known as ‘tone sandhi’ and provides a summary of current experimental findings on the productivity of these patterns. Second, it discusses the patterns of lexical and phrasal stress and their interaction with tone, with a focus on the similar metrical principles that underlie tone languages and other languages. Third, it surveys the different types of interaction between lexical tone and the intonational use of pitch, in particular focus and interrogativity. These issues are first discussed in the context of Chinese languages, then echoed in a brief summary of Ket prosody.

scholarly journals The Phoenix of Colonial War: Race, the Laws of War, and the ‘Horror on the Rhine’

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 847-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROTEM GILADI
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Laws Of War ◽  
Black Soldiers ◽  
French Colonial ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Imperial Governance ◽  
The Phoenix

AbstractThe article explores the demise of the ‘colonial war’ category through the employment of French colonial troops, under the 1918 armistice, to occupy the German Rhineland.It traces the prevalence of – and the anxieties underpinning –antebellumdoctrine on using ‘Barbarous Forces’ in ‘European’ war. It then records the silence ofpostbellumscholars on the ‘horror on the Rhine’ – orchestrated allegations of rape framed in racialized terms of humanity and the requirements of the law of civilized warfare. Among possible explanations for this silence, the article follows recent literature that considers this scandal as the embodiment of crises in masculinity, white domination, and European civilization.These crises, like the scandal itself, expressedantebellumjurisprudential anxieties about the capacity – and implications – of black soldiers being ‘drilled white’. They also deprivedpostbellumlawyers of the vocabulary necessary to address what they signified: breakdown of the laws of war; evident, self-inflicted European barbarity; and the collapse of international law itself, embodied by the VersaillesDiktattreating Germany – as Smuts warned, ‘as we would not treat akaffirnation’ – as a colonial ‘object’, as Schmitt lamented.Last, the article traces the resurgence of ‘colonial war’. It reveals how, at the moment of collapse, in the very instrument embodying it, the category found a new life. Article 22(5) of the League of Nations Covenant (the Covenant) reasserted control over the colonial object, furnishing international lawyers with a new vocabulary to address the employment of colonial troops – yet, now, as part of the ‘law of peace’. Reclassified, both rule and category re-emerged, were codified, and institutionalized imperial governance.

WU, MIN AND A LITTLE HAKKA LEXICAL TONE SANDHI: RIGHT AND LEFT

1984 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-34
Author(s):  
William L. Ballard
Keyword(s):  
Pitch Accent ◽  
Lexical Tone ◽  
Tone Sandhi ◽  
The Third ◽  
Separate Type ◽  
Southern Min ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

An initial assay of Wu and Min lexical tone sandhi opens inquiry into a possible source : Austronesian pitch accent, and into a sandhi origin for the "third" tone ( qu/departing ). One important element in such an assay is the feature Right/Left : focus = preservation, stress, retention, etc, towards the Right or towards the Left. Northern Wu appears to be focus Left, and destressing seems to be spreading in the area. Southern Wu and Min are focus Right. Southern Wu focus does not prevent some Right mergers, and often it is the last two syllables acting together that is the focus. Northern Min shows similarities to Southern Wu, but Southern Min can be said to have no tone sandhi at all : The Amoy et al tone circles appear to be artifacts of changes in isolation values, since they are virtual reconstructions of the probable prototone values. The one Hakka dialect examined appears to be like Northern Min/Southern Wu. On the basis of this assay, I would hazard the guess that in the study of the origin of lexical tone sandhi, Southern Min should be classified with the Cantonese/Thai type, Northern Wu as a separate type heavily influenced by Mandarin, and Southern Wu/Northern Min as the preservation of the oldest, most Austronesianoid type of sandhi. Further speculation would be foolhardly until more information is available and more detailed comparisons and histories are drawn up.

scholarly journals Toward a Typology of Tone Sandhi

1992 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Zhiming Bao
Keyword(s):  
Annual Meeting ◽  
Special Session ◽  
Tone Sandhi ◽  
Tone Languages

Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on The Typology of Tone Languages (1992)

scholarly journals CSF Aβ38 levels are associated with Alzheimer-related decline: implications for γ-secretase modulators

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas C. Cullen ◽  
Shorena Janelidze ◽  
Sebastian Palmqvist ◽  
Erik Stomrud ◽  
Niklas Mattsson-Carlgren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Subjective Cognitive Decline ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects

AbstractObjectiveShorter Aβ species might modulate disease progression in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here we studied whether Aβ38 levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are associated with risk of developing AD dementia and cognitive decline.MethodsCSF Aβ38 levels were measured in 656 individuals across two clinical cohorts – the Swedish BioFINDER study and the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Cox regression models were used to evaluate the association between baseline Aβ38 levels and risk of AD dementia in AD-biomarker positive individuals (AD+; determined by CSF P-tau/Aβ42 ratio) with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Linear mixed effects models were used to evaluate the association between baseline Aβ38 levels and cognitive decline as measured by MMSE in AD+ participants with SCD, MCI or AD dementia.ResultsIn the BioFINDER cohort, high Aβ38 levels were associated with slower decline in MMSE (β = 0.30 points / sd., P = 0.001) and with lower risk of conversion. To AD dementia (HR = 0.83 per sd., P = 0.03). In the ADNI cohort, higher Aβ38 levels were associated with less decline in MMSE (β = 0.27, P = 0.01), but not risk of conversion to AD dementia (P = 0.66). Aβ38 levels in both cohorts remained significantly associated with both outcomes when adjusted for CSF P-tau levels and remained associated with cognition when adjusted for CSF Aβ42 levels.ConclusionsHigher CSF Aβ38 levels are associated with lower risk of AD-related changes in two independent clinical cohorts. These findings may have implications for γ-secretase modulators as potential disease-altering therapy.

scholarly journals Associations of school tobacco policies and legislation with youth smoking: a cross-sectional study of Danish vocational high schools

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e028357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Andersen ◽  
Veronica Pisinger ◽  
Morten Hulvej Rod ◽  
Janne Tolstrup
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
High Schools ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Current Smoking ◽  
Free School ◽  
Tobacco Policies ◽  
Teacher Student ◽  
Vocational High Schools ◽  
The Law

BackgroundIn vocational high schools, the prevalence of smoking is high (nearly 40% daily smoking in Danish vocational high schools). Schools are increasingly adopting school tobacco policies (STPs) and a national law on smoke-free school grounds has been implemented. Our objective was to explore the extent of STPs in vocational schools and examine the association of STPs and smoke-free school grounds legislation with student smoking.MethodsWe used data from the cross-sectional Danish National Youth Study 2014, including 5013 vocational high school students (76% male) at 40 campuses. Implementation of STPs was measured by questionnaires to principals and field observations of smoking practices were conducted. Logistic regression models assessed whether STP characteristics were associated with students’ current smoking (ie, daily and occasional) compared with non-current smoking. Negative binominal regression models assessed cigarettes per day among daily smokers.ResultsSchools covered by the national law on smoke-free school ground had more comprehensive STPs than schools not covered by the law. Student smoking was observed on 78% of campuses, with less visibility of smoking in schools covered by the national law (69% vs 83%). Current smoking was lower for students attending a school covered by the national law (OR=0.86, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.97). Students who attended schools that allowed teacher–student smoking were more likely to smoke (OR=1.13, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.27).ConclusionsA law on smoke-free school grounds was associated with less current smoking in vocational high schools, while school norms that are supportive of teacher-student smoking were associated with greater odds of current smoking. Visibility of student smoking was less prevalent at schools covered by the law on smoke-free school grounds; nevertheless, the visibility of smoking was high. Better enforcement or an extension of the current law on smoke-free school grounds is recommended.

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