scholarly journals Children's knowledge of free choice inferences

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Zhou ◽  
Jacopo Romoli ◽  
Stephen Crain
Keyword(s):  
Free Choice ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Experimental Literature ◽  
Scalar Implicatures ◽  
Lexical Knowledge ◽  
Processing Cost ◽  
Recent Approach ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
High Processing

This paper presents experimental results showing that four-year-old Mandarin- speaking children draw free choice inferences from disjunctive statements, though they are not able to compute inferences of exclusivity for disjunctive statements or other scalar implicatures. The findings connect to those of Chemla & Bott (under review) who report differences in how adults process free choice inferences versus scalar implicatures and, prima facie, the findings pose a challenge to treatments that attempt to unify inferences of both kinds. Instead, the findings appear to favour accounts that invoke different analyses for each kind of inference, such as Zimmerman 2000a, Geurts 2005, and Barker 2010. The results, however, also support the recent approach in the experimental literature which attributes children’s failures to compute scalar implicatures to a difficulty with alternatives: children may lack the lexical knowledge of alternatives, or these implicatures impose such a high processing cost that children are unable to handle the alternatives necessary to compute them (Gualmini, Crain, Meroni, Chierchia & Guasti 2001 Chierchia, Crain, Guasti & Thornton 2001 Reinhart 2006; Barner, Brooks & Bale 2011; Singh, Wexler, Astle, Kamawar & Fox 2012). If accessing alternatives is the source of children’s difficulty, then they would be expected to perform better if the requisite alternatives are made explicit, as sub-strings of the asserted sentences. This is exactly what we found. Children were able to compute free choice inferences based on alternatives that were made explicit in the assertion, but children were unable to compute ‘regular’ scalar implicatures arising from alternatives lacking this property. We discuss the implications of these findings for the debate about the relationship between free choice inferences and scalar implicatures and children’s knowledge of alternatives.

scholarly journals Children's knowledge of free choice inferences

2015 ◽  
pp. 632
Author(s):  
Peng Zhou ◽  
Jacopo Romoli ◽  
Stephen Crain
Keyword(s):  
Free Choice ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Experimental Literature ◽  
Scalar Implicatures ◽  
Lexical Knowledge ◽  
Processing Cost ◽  
Recent Approach ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
High Processing

This paper presents experimental results showing that four-year-old Mandarin- speaking children draw free choice inferences from disjunctive statements, though they are not able to compute inferences of exclusivity for disjunctive statements or other scalar implicatures. The findings connect to those of Chemla & Bott (under review) who report differences in how adults process free choice inferences versus scalar implicatures and, prima facie, the findings pose a challenge to treatments that attempt to unify inferences of both kinds. Instead, the findings appear to favour accounts that invoke different analyses for each kind of inference, such as Zimmerman 2000a, Geurts 2005, and Barker 2010. The results, however, also support the recent approach in the experimental literature which attributes children’s failures to compute scalar implicatures to a difficulty with alternatives: children may lack the lexical knowledge of alternatives, or these implicatures impose such a high processing cost that children are unable to handle the alternatives necessary to compute them (Gualmini, Crain, Meroni, Chierchia & Guasti 2001 Chierchia, Crain, Guasti & Thornton 2001 Reinhart 2006; Barner, Brooks & Bale 2011; Singh, Wexler, Astle, Kamawar & Fox 2012). If accessing alternatives is the source of children’s difficulty, then they would be expected to perform better if the requisite alternatives are made explicit, as sub-strings of the asserted sentences. This is exactly what we found. Children were able to compute free choice inferences based on alternatives that were made explicit in the assertion, but children were unable to compute ‘regular’ scalar implicatures arising from alternatives lacking this property. We discuss the implications of these findings for the debate about the relationship between free choice inferences and scalar implicatures and children’s knowledge of alternatives.

scholarly journals On the acquisition of Greek free choice items

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelia Vlachou ◽  
Dimitrios Kotopoulis ◽  
Spyridoula Varlokosta
Keyword(s):  
Free Choice ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Scalar Implicatures ◽  
Pragmatic Inference ◽  
Better Than

Children acquire quite late scalar implicatures associated with quantification and have the tendency to interpret existential quantifiers as universals (e.g., Smith, 1980; Noveck, 2001; Papafragou and Musolino, 2003). Free choice Items (FCIS) are also associated with scalar implicatures depending on whether they are full set or subset FCIs (e.g., Vlachou 2012, 2020). This paper presents experimental results showing that 9-, 10- and 11-year-old children and adults perform better on full set than on subset FCIs. It is argued that adults perform better than children in sentences with subset FCIs as the “not-all” pragmatic inference is acquired late. Difficulties in sentences with subset FCIs in adults are due to absence of domain alternatives.

The relationship of magnates and the szlachta of the Great Principality/Grand Duchy of Lithuania with Russia in 1733

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.В. Мацук
Keyword(s):  
Free Choice ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Grand Duchy

В статье исследуются события бескоролевья 1733 г. в Речи Посполитой. Согласно «трактату Левенвольде» компромиссным кандидатом на избрание монархом Речи Посполитой был португальский инфант дон Мануэль, которого предложила Австрия. Россия больше склонялась к кандидатуре «пяста». Россия оказалась не подготовленной к началу бескоролевья. Бывшие российские союзники магнаты ВКЛ рассорились с российским послом Фридрихом Казимиром Левенвольде и перешли на сторону Франции. В конце февраля 1733 г. в ВКЛ направили Юрия Ливена, который от имени российской царицы предложил поддержку в получении короны Михаилу Вишневецкому и Павлу Сангушке. Принятое на конвокационном сейме решение об избрании королем «пяста» и католика показало популярность Станислава Лещинского. В результате вслед за Австрией Россия поддержала кандидатом на корону Фридриха Августа. Магнаты ВКЛ до последнего оставались конкурентами о короне. Оппозиция Лещинскому объединилась под лозунгом защиты «вольного выбора» и поэтому в ней остались кандидаты «пясты», которые не могли уступить друг другу, и согласились на компромисс – кандидатуру Фридриха Августа. Для противодействия возможному избранию Лещинского Россия создала в ВКЛ новоградскую конфедерацию. Ее организатором стал новоградский воевода Николай Фаустин Радзивилл. Эта конфедерация становится основой Генеральной Варшавской конфедерации, которая 5 октября 1733 г. избирает королем саксонского курфюрста. The article examines the events of the «kingless» year of 1733 in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. According to the Levenwolde Treaties the compromise candidate for the Commonwealth’s throne was the Portuguese Infante Don Manuel, who’s candidacy was proposed by Austria. Russia, in turn, leaned towards the «pyasta» candidate. The Russian Empire was clearly unprepared for the start of the kingless period. Russia’s former allies – magnates of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – came into conflict with the Russian ambassador Frederick Kazimir Levenwolde and sided with France. In late February of 1733, Empress Anna Ioanovna of Russia sent Yuri Liven to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, who offered official support in the struggle for the crown to Mikhail Vishnevetsky and Pavel Sangushka. The electoral decision made at the Sejm proved the popularity of the «pyast» and Catholic candidates, specifically – Stanislaus Leschinsky. In turn, Russia – following Austria – showed its support for the candidacy of Frederick August. The magnates of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania remained in opposition in the crown issue until the very last. Opposition to Leschinsky was united under the motto of «free choice». For that reason, it was comprised of «pyasta» candidates, who were in a deadlock with one another, and were now ready for the compromise candidacy of Frederick Augustus. In order to counter the possible election of Leschinsky, Russia created the Novograd Confederation in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It was organized by the Novograd Voevoda Faustin Radzivill. This confederation became the core of the General Warsaw Confederation that – on October 5th 1733 – elected the Saxon King to the throne of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Parasites and promiscuity: Acute disease salience leads to more restricted sexual attitudes

2021 ◽  
pp. 026540752110309
Author(s):  
James B. Moran ◽  
Nicholas Kerry ◽  
Jin X. Goh ◽  
Damian R. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Sexual Attitudes ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Sexual Relationships ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Acute Disease ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sexual Promiscuity

How does disease threat influence sexual attitudes and behaviors? Although research on the influence of disease threat on social behavior has grown considerably, the relationship between perceived disease threat and sexual attitudes remains unclear. The current preregistered study (analyzed N = 510), investigated how experimental reminders of disease threat influence attitudes and anticipated future behaviors pertaining to short-term sexual relationships, using an ecologically valid disease prime. The central preregistered prediction was that experimental manipulation of disease threat would lead to less favorable attitudes and inclinations toward sexual promiscuity. Results were consistent with this preregistered prediction, relative to both a neutral control condition and a non-disease threat condition. These experimental results were buttressed by the finding that dispositional variation in worry about disease threat predicted less favorable attitudes and inclinations toward short-term sexual relationships. This study represents the first preregistered investigation of the implications of acute disease threat for sexual attitudes.

Research on Paper Whiteness Based on Visual Comfort

2013 ◽  
Vol 295-298 ◽  
pp. 543-546
Author(s):  
Zhi Jian Li ◽  
Nuo Li
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Reading Process ◽  
Visual Comfort ◽  
Visual Fatigue ◽  
The Relationship

High whiteness paper is likely to cause visual fatigue. The relationship between whiteness and visual comfort is studyed by adopting the form of a combination of presentation reading and questionnaires. The experimental results show that, during the reading process, the higher of paper whiteness, the greater the chance of looked up, eye rubbing, and other little tricks, at the same time, the easier inattentive, have a negative impact on reading effect.

Interpretation of reflexive anaphora in second language VP-ellipsis: Relevance Theory and paradigms of explanation

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xosé Rosales Sequeiros
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Relevance Theory ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Comprehension Strategies ◽  
Processing Cost ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
Vp Ellipsis ◽  
Processing Effort ◽  
Maximal Relevance ◽  
The Impact

This article explores second language (L2) learners’ interpretation of reflexive anaphora in VP-Ellipsis by critiquing the work of Ying (2003), who applies Relevance Theory to explain elliptical anaphora. It argues against four claims made in his analysis: that L2 learners apply maximal relevance in anaphoric interpretation; that a procedural account of the impact of referential sentences on VP-ellipsis disambiguation is appropriate; that an account of anaphoric interpretation preferences should be based on processing cost; and that differences in experimental results between intermediate and advanced L2 learners are due to the use of different comprehension strategies (see Sperber, 1994). Instead, it argues: that it is not maximal but rather optimal relevance that is at work; that the key in disambiguating anaphora in VP-elliptical sentences is the achievement of an optimally relevant interpretation; that the role of contextual assumptions in anaphora resolution is to enable L2 learners to derive enough contextual effects to make it worth their effort and, in doing so, identifying (as a side effect) what they take to have been the intended referent; and that what is crucial in the use of comprehension strategies is not processing effort, but rather consistency with the second principle of relevance. Overall, all these factors provide the basis for an alternative and more comprehensive explanation of the experimental results discussed by Ying.

scholarly journals Characterization of percolation behavior in conductor–dielectric 0-3 composites

2014 ◽  
Vol 04 (04) ◽  
pp. 1450035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Patrick Bass ◽  
Zhi-Min Dang ◽  
Z.-Y. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Percolation Threshold ◽  
Frequency Dependence ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Effective Dielectric Constant ◽  
Filler Concentration ◽  
Percolation Behavior ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Relationship

The equation ε eff ∝ (ϕc - ϕ)-s which shows the relationship between effective dielectric constant (εeff) and the filler concentration (φ), is widely used to determine the percolation behavior and obtain parameters, such as percolation threshold φc and the power constant s in conductor–dielectric composites (CDCs). Six different systems of CDCs were used to check the expression by fitting experimental results. It is found that the equation can fit the experimental results at any frequency. However, it is found that the fitting constants do not reflect the real percolation behavior of the composites. It is found that the dielectric constant is strongly dependent on the frequency, which is mainly due to the fact that the frequency dependence of the dielectric constant for the composites close to φc is almost independent of the matrix.

Face Recognition Algorithm Based on Kernel Collaborative Representation

2013 ◽  
Vol 756-759 ◽  
pp. 3590-3595
Author(s):  
Liang Zhang ◽  
Ji Wen Dong
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Principal Components Analysis ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Recognition Algorithm ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Collaborative Representation ◽  
Nonlinear Structures ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Kernel Principal Components Analysis ◽  
The Relationship

Aiming at solving the problems of occlusion and illumination in face recognition, a new method of face recognition based on Kernel Principal Components Analysis (KPCA) and Collaborative Representation Classifier (CRC) is developed. The KPCA can obtain effective discriminative information and reduce the feature dimensions by extracting faces nonlinear structures features, the decisive factor. Considering the collaboration among the samples, the CRC which synthetically consider the relationship among samples is used. Experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm obtains good recognition rates and also improves the efficiency. The KCRC algorithm can effectively solve the problem of illumination and occlusion in face recognition.

scholarly journals Photoreduction of Cr(VI) Ions in Aqueous Solutions by UV/ Photocatalytic Processes

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih Ming Ma ◽  
Yung Shuen Shen ◽  
Po Hsiang Lin
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Photocatalytic Processes ◽  
Order Kinetic Equation

This study discussed the photoreduction of Cr(VI) ions in aqueous solutions by UV/TiO2photocatalytic processes under various operational factors. Experimental results showed that the removal rate of Cr(VI) increased with decreasing solution pH values and with increasing dosages of organic compounds, indicating that the recombination rate of electrons and h+can be retarded in the reaction systems by the addition of the scavenger, thus raising the reaction rate of Cr(VI). The relationship of the chemical reaction rate of Cr(VI), TiO2dosage, and changes of Cr(VI) concentration was expressed by the pseudo-first-order kinetic equation. Comparing the experimental results of two different doping metals in modified TiO2photoreduction systems, the removal rate of Cr(VI) by the Ag/TiO2process is larger, possibly because the electron transferring ability of Ag is superior to that of Cu. However, the photoreduction rates of Cr(VI) by modified UV/TiO2processes are worse than those by a nonmodified commercial UV/TiO2process.

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