scholarly journals Explaining the link between agentivity and non-culminating causation

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabienne Martin
Keyword(s):  
Change Of State ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Causative Verbs

This paper offers an account for why, cross-linguistically, denying the whole change of state encoded by causative verbs is easier with agent than with causer subjects. It does so by extending Varasdi's theory of the progressive to non-culminating reading sof causative verbs, not only in progressive but also in perfective sentences. It additionally sustains two claims about the difference between agentive and nonagentive ongoing causation events: only the former (a) can in principle start before their potential effects start and (b) are systematically `indicative' of these potential effects.

RECOMPRESSION PHENOMENA IN STEAM NOZZLES: PART I

1941 ◽  
Vol 19a (5) ◽  
pp. 67-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Alexander Robb
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Inlet Pressure ◽  
Flowing Fluid ◽  
Vena Contracta ◽  
Venturi Effect ◽  
Change Of State ◽  
Expansion Curve ◽  
Nozzle Shape ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Load Conditions

The purpose of the investigation was to find when and how recompression occurs in the flow of steam through a nozzle, its causes and effects, how the results can be predicted, and what losses are caused by these phenomena. Four types of recompression were observed: equilibrium, latent, vena contracta, and shock recompression.It is shown that steam in flowing through a nozzle of varying cross-section responds to the changes of area within certain limits and recompression phenomena may be expected. The Venturi effect has been observed in single nozzles, and in both parts of a composite nozzle.The behaviour of steam in equilibrium recompression in convergent-divergent nozzles can be predicted by means of an equation from which a valuers obtained for the pressure pr at which overexpansion ends and an increase in pressure begins; the pressure pr depends on the inlet pressure to the nozzle and on the difference in pressure at inlet and outlet.The recompression due to the contraction of the section can be controlled and avoided by suitable provision in the design. The compression following a change of state of a flowing fluid can be controlled by adjusting the rate of expansion of the fluid in specified pressure ranges. Novel evidence of latent recompression is found in a break or notch in the pressure expansion curve plotted from search tube observations.The experiments were carried out at inlet pressures within the range at which turbine-condition curves may cross the saturation line between the superheat and wet regions on the Mollier diagram, and the effects of recompression to be expected under varying load conditions can be interpreted for particular nozzle designs.Comparative studies of the effect of the nozzle shape on recompression phenomena and the losses resulting therefrom have indicated that the conditions for favourable efficiency require a larger inlet radius at the throat and a length shorter than the lengths commonly found in practice.

Sublexical modality in defeasible causative verbs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabienne Martin ◽  
Florian Schäfer
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Event Structures ◽  
Change Of State ◽  
Modal Component ◽  
Intentional Agents ◽  
Causative Verbs

This chapter is dedicated to an ambiguity characteristic of what we call defeasible causative verbs (of which ‘teach’ is an example). With agentive subjects, the change of state (CoS) encoded by these verbs (e.g. a learning process) can be entirely denied, giving rise to what we call the “zero-CoS” non-culminating reading of these verbs. With causer subjects, however, the same verbs seem to entail the occurrence of (a part of) the CoS (including in imperfective sentences). We argue that this ambiguity cannot be handled by positing different event structures under the agentive and non-agentive uses. Under the analysis proposed, the semantics of these verbs involve a sublexical modal component à la Koenig and Davis (2001), both with agent and causer subjects. In favor of positing a sublexical modality with all types of subject, we investigate the conditions under which the zero-CoS reading is available even with a subset of inanimate subjects and “non-intentional” agents.

First-language-constrained variability in the second-language acquisition of argument-structure-changing morphology with causative verbs

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvina Montrul
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Argument Structure ◽  
First Language ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
Second Languages ◽  
Change Of State ◽  
L1 Influence ◽  
Morphological Expression ◽  
Causative Verbs

This article presents three related experiments on the acquisition of two classes of causative verbs: physical change of state verbs with agentive subjects (e.g., English break) and psychological change of state verbs with experiencer objects (e.g., English frighten) in English, Spanish and Turkish as second languages by speakers whose native languages are English, Spanish, Turkish and Japanese. These verbs participate in the causative/inchoative alternation crosslinguistically, but the morphological expression of the alternation varies in the four languages. English has predominantly zero-morphology, Spanish has anticausative morphology, and Turkish and Japanese both have causative and anticausative morphology. Assuming the tenets of the Full Transfer/Full Access Hypothesis (Schwartz and Sprouse, 1996), results of a picture judgement task testing transitive and intransitive sentences and manipulating overt/non-overt morphology on the verbs show that morphological errors in the three languages are constrained by the morphological patterns of the learners’ first language (L1s). In addition to showing that formal features of morphemes transfer but morphophonological matrices do not, this study refines the role of L1 influence in the morphological domain by showing that the morphophonological shape of affixes transfers as well.

scholarly journals Time in probabilistic causation: direct vs. indirect uses of lexical causative verbs

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 107-124
Author(s):  
Fabienne Martin
Keyword(s):  
Ab Initio ◽  
Probabilistic Causation ◽  
Change Of State ◽  
Adverbial Modification ◽  
Lexical Causative ◽  
Causative Verbs

It is traditionally assumed that lexical causative verbs (e.g. kill) express direct causationonly, while periphrastic (bi-clausal) causatives (e.g. cause to die) may also express indirectcausation. In favour of this constraint, Fodor famously observed that the (change of) state introducedby lexical causative verbs is not accessible for separate adverbial modification by temporal(or manner) adverbials. In this paper, I present old and new arguments against the direct causationconstraint under the definitions of directness of Fodor and Wolff. I then propose a new definitionof directness in terms of ab-initio causal sufficiency framed in Kvart’s probabilistic account ofsingular causation. I argue that directness so redefined is an implicature rather than an entailmentof lexical causative verbs, which enables me to account for old and new data. Furthermore, I accountfor why the constraint on separate modification by temporal adverbials can be relaxed witheventuality-denoting subjects.Keywords: lexical causative verbs, direct vs. indirect causation, causal sufficiency, probabilistictheories of causation, semantics/pragmatics interface.

scholarly journals Investigating Iraqi EFL College Learners’ Perception and Use of Causative Verbs

لارك ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (20) ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Qassim Hammadi Dawood Al-Ebadi ◽  
Noor Hameed Majeed Al-Abidi
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
College Of Education ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Production Level ◽  
Second Person ◽  
The Third ◽  
College Learners ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Academic Year ◽  
Causative Verbs

Causative verbs are used to indicate that one person causes a second person to do something for the first person. The causative verbs are : have, get, make (Croft, W. 2003:34) .              The present study aims at presenting the syntactic and semantic characteristics of causative verbs and investigating empirically the extent to which Iraqi EFL university learners’ master these characteristics. In addition, it aims at investigating the extent to which they can recognize and use causative verbs correctly; and their ability to differentiate the causative verbs from another types of verbs.          A test has been conducted to a sample of 100 Iraqi EFL university learners at their third and fourth year in the Department of English at the College of Education, University of Wasit during the academic year 2013-2014. The test has been exposed to jury members to measure its face validity.          Statistical means have been applied to the results of the test to investigate the perception and use of the college students in causative verbs. They have yielded certain conclusions that Iraqi EFL university learners at the third and fourth year face difficulties in perceiving and using the causative verbs. The rate of their correct responses in the whole test, (1291, 28.205%), is lower than their incorrect ones (3709, 71.795%). At the production level, the subjects’ incorrect responses (2434, 79.84%) reveal that they are unable to use causative verbs correctly whether syntactically or semantically. The difference in the rate of the incorrect responses of the perception (1275, 63.75%) and the use levels show that the learners of the third - fourth year face more difficulty at the use level than that at the perception one.

scholarly journals The transition between the supracondutive and the normal state I-Magnetic induction in mercury

1936 ◽  
Vol 155 (886) ◽  
pp. 558-570 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Normal State ◽  
Magnetic Induction ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Present Theory ◽  
Free Electrons ◽  
Crystal Lattices ◽  
Change Of State ◽  
Pure Substances ◽  
The Difference ◽  
A Charge

It has frequently been suggested that the occurrence of supraconductivity could be described as a charge of state which the metal undergoes. The fact that at the transition point no change in the crystal structure can be observed and no anomaly in the specific heat of the order of RT occurs makes it portable that the change of state is purely electronic, although our present theory of free electrons in metals gives no indication yet as to the description of this new state. Meanwhile the purely as phenomenological treatment has been more successful. As early as 1924 Keesom outlined a thermodynamical treatment of supraconductivity assuming that the difference of free energy between the supraconductive and the normal state was indicated by the magnetic threshold in values. This treatment was carried out rigorously and completed in many details by Gorter and Casimir. Supported by the experiment of Meissner and Ochsenfeld, these authors based their treatment on the assumption that the magnetic induction is zero in the supraconductive state. A great number of experiments has since been carried out, and while some of the results seem to indicate a certain discrepancy with Gorter's treatment others confirm his assumption. Experiments by Keeley and Mendelssohn have shown that very pure substances with undisturbed crystal lattices approximate most closely to the "ideal" supraconductor in Gorter's sense. It was found that mercury showed a reversible change to zero induction when a magnetic field, higher than the threshold value, was applied and switched off again. It was decided, therefore, to investigate in detail the change of induction at the transition between the suparconductive and the normal state in this substance, and to find out whether the transition is a sharp one or extended over a field interval or temperature interval respectively and whether the induction disappear in the same way as it changes to its normal value.

scholarly journals Aspect and Argument structure in adjectival passives

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfredo García-Pardo
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
Theoretical Account ◽  
Change Of State ◽  
Verbal Predicate ◽  
Adjectival Passives ◽  
Causative Verbs

This paper investigates the patterns regarding the (un)availability of by-phrases and agent-oriented modification in adjectival passives in Spanish. Departing from the observation that adjectival participles derived from change-of-state verbs ban agent-oriented modification but those derived from stative causative verbs allow it, I put forth a novel theoretical account that derives the restrictions solely from the Aktionsart of the underlying verbal predicate, syntactically modelled and independently motivated. I extend my proposal to German and Hebrew, which display a similar behavior, and propose a parametric account for languages like Greek that freely allow by-phrases and agent-oriented modification regardless of the Aktionsart of the underlying verbal predicate.

Het Doen en Laten van NT2'ers

2001 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Mirjam Campo
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
Second Language Learners ◽  
Explicit Instruction ◽  
Direct Causation ◽  
Dutch Language ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One Year ◽  
Causative Verbs

Modern Dutch has two causative verbs: 'doen' and laten'. According to Verhagen & Kemmer (1992; 1997), combinations with laten' can best be characterized as indirect causation, while combinations with 'doen' can be characterized as direct causation. Second-language learners of Dutch never get any explicit instruction about the difference between these verbs. This paper presents the results of an experiment on the knowledge of second-language learners of Dutch about the verbs 'doen' and laten'. Two groups of foreign students at the Leiden University participated in a test on these verbs. The first group had received one year of Dutch language lessons, and the second group had had approximately four years of lessons in Dutch. A group of Dutch students did the test as well. The results of this study show that both groups of foreign students had learnt something about the use of 'doen' en laten', although they had not received explicit instruction in these verbs. Their knowledge improved when they received more lessons in Dutch. They did not reach the same level as the Dutch students.

Direct Determination of Angular Velocity Using GPS

2000 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mami Ueno ◽  
Rock Santerre ◽  
Alfred Kleusberg
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Temporal Difference ◽  
Yaw Rate ◽  
Change Of State ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Comparison Of The Results ◽  
Turn Rate

Controlling a ship in a berthing operation is carried out mainly by the change of state, such as velocity and yaw rate (turn rate), although the value of the change of state is very small at berthing. Very high precision is, therefore, required to determine the velocity and angular velocity. A sensor that has an accuracy of ±0.02°/s (1 σ) is sought for determination of turn rate in a berthing system. Three-dimensional angular velocity can directly be determined, with 2 independent baselines of 3 GPS antennas, using instantaneous Doppler measurements or phase rate (temporal difference of phase) observations. This paper discusses the mathematical model for direct determination of angular velocity using GPS, and the comparison of the results of the angular velocity determination using the Doppler and phase rate. The precision of angular velocity determination is estimated using temporal difference of the attitude sensors (TSS and gyrocompass) on board a hydrographic sounding ship. The RMS values of the difference of yaw rate determination between the two systems were: ±0.16°/s using phase rate and ±0.31°/s using Doppler measurements with the separation of onboard antennas of ca. 1·34 m. 10 m baselines could satisfy the sensor requirements for angular velocity determination during berthing maneuvers.

scholarly journals Why swimming is just as difficult as dying for Japanese learners of English

2003 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 85-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Gabriele ◽  
Gita Martohardjono ◽  
William McClure
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
The Past ◽  
Japanese Learners Of English ◽  
Change Of State ◽  
Lexical Semantic Knowledge ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Japanese Learners

While both Japanese and English have a grammatic al form denoting the progressive, the two forms (te-iru & be+ing) interact differently with the inherent semantics of the verb to which they attach (Kindaichi, 1950; McClure, 1995; Shirai, 2000). Japanese change of state verbs are incompatible with a progressive interpretation, allowing only a resultative interpretation of V+ te-iru, while a progressive interpretation is preferred for activity predicates. English be+ing denotes a progressive interpretation regardless of the lexical semantics of the verb. The question that arises is how we can account for the fact that change of state verbs like dying can denote a progressive interpretation in English, but not in Japanese. While researchers such as Kageyama (1996) and Ogihara (1998, 1999) propose that the difference lies in the lexical semantics of the verbs themselves, others such as McClure (1995) have argued that the difference lies in the semantics of the grammatical forms, be+ing and te-iru. We present results from an experimental study of Japanese learners’ interpretation of the English progressive which provide support for McClure’s proposal. Results indicate that independent of verb type, learners had significantly more difficulty with the past progressive. We argue that knowledge of L2 semantics-syntax correspondences proceeds not on the basis of L1 lexical semantic knowledge, but on the basis of grammatical forms.  

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