Creation of a structurally unified series of isulating heat and environment resistant suits of autonomous type for firefighters

2020 ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Владимир Иванович Логинов ◽  
Евгений Сергеевич Михайлов
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fire Departments ◽  
Dry Cleaning ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
Fire Extinguishing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Creation ◽  
In Fire ◽  
Different Characteristics

Анализ тушения пожаров на химически опасных объектах показывает, что для обеспечения комплексной надежной защиты человека необходим широкий ассортимент специальной защитной одежды изолирующего типа (СЗО ИТ) для различных условий эксплуатации. Одним из возможных путей его быстрого создания является разработка конструктивно-унифицированных рядов (КУР) таких изделий. Сформирован подход к созданию КУР термоагрессивостойких костюмов (ТАСК) для пожарных, в основе которого лежит блочно-модульный принцип, когда, используя базовое изделие, готовят последующие его модификации с различными характеристиками. Конструктивно-унифицированный подход к созданию модельного ряда ТАСК позволяет поддерживать характеристики изделия на требуемом уровне без серьезных конструктивных изменений, только совершенствуя технологии, материалы, в соответствии с условиями эксплуатации и требованиями заказчиков. Analysis of fire extinguishing at chemically hazardous facilities shows that to provide comprehensive, reliable human protection, a wide range of special protective clothing of the insulating type (SPC IT) is necessary for various operating conditions. One of the possible ways of its creation is the development of structurally unified series (SUS) of such products. There is developed an approach to create a SUS of heat and environment resistant suits (HERS) for firefighters. The creation of a series of products is based on a block-modular principle i.e. on the base of the basic model there are created subsequent modifications with different characteristics. Studies have shown that as an optimal base model for SUS HERS can be HERS produced by AO “PTS”. On the basis of the existing basic model there were carried out researches and design works to develop a wide range of heat and environment resistant suits for various working conditions, which increase the performance efficiency for every suit type. This principle, if necessary, allows to replace some components of personal protective equipment for different tasks. The design-unified approach to the creation of HERS model range allows to keep the product characteristics at the required level without major structural changes, only by improving technologies, materials in accordance with the operating conditions and customer requirements. At the same time, there are eliminated difficulties when operating HERS, included in SUS, in fire departments of various types, in particular, when using, washing, dry cleaning, drying, storage. The organizational and technical system of HERS operation is being improved, including such components as training and the procedure of operation accounting, service life, terms of repair, write-off and replacement of components as well as restoration of protective properties while operating and repair engineering.

Research and Development Efforts in Fire Safety and Disaster Preparedness

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 584-585
Author(s):  
Masafumi Hosokawa ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Disaster Preparedness ◽  
Fire Department ◽  
Fire Fighting ◽  
Fire Departments ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Fire Extinguishing ◽  
The University ◽  
In Fire

Fire departments are expected to respond quickly and effectively to disasters by extinguishing fires and rescuing those in harm’s way, for example. They are also required to prevent fires and disasters by enforcing fire-prevention measures at hotels and care facilities and to monitor safety measures in facilities storing hazardous materials. Concerns have arisen that destructive disasters may occur due to environmental changes in local communities or due to the Tokyo Metropolitan earthquake or Nankai Trough earthquake. To ensure that fire departments use their firefighters, materials and equipment effectively to prevent or control fires and reduce damage of disasters, research and development (R&D) on fire safety and disaster preparedness must be conducted actively and resulting findings must be applied in advanced fire safety and disaster preparedness activities. Fire safety R&D in Japan is undertaken by the National Research Institute of Fire and Disaster,which is the research organ of the Fire and Disaster Management Agency. Here R&D is being conducted on safety measures for facilities storing hazardous materials, fire-fighting robot technology, and fire extinguishing techniques. Fire departments in major cities also study firefighting operations and advanced materials and equipment. Although the number of institutions directly conducting fire safety R&D is limited and allotted research and development budget is extremely small. Private-sector R&D in fire safety unfortunately cannot be described as vigorous because it focuses on equipment used by fire department personnel and fire-safety facilities required by law, such as fire engines and rescue materials and equipment, fire sensors, fire extinguishing systems, etc., whose market is limited. To conduct innovative fire extinguishing R&D on equipment that could dramatically improve fire-fighting efficiency, it is important to inform research institutions and private firms of the issues and needs in fire safety rather than to make efforts solely among organizations involved in fire safety and to conduct research by engaging a wide range of researchers from the pure sciences in practical technologies. The Fire and Disaster Management Agency of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications set up a competitive research funding effort in fiscal 2003 called Promoting Program for Scientific Fire and Disaster Prevention Technologies (Competitive Research Funding Program) to promote R&D based on the collaboration of industry, academia, and the national government. This competitive research program solicits research proposals for promoting advances in fire safety and disaster preparedness science and technology and achieving safe and secure society. It involves researchers in industry, academia, and government and provides funding for proposals considered worth promoting. Some 104 studies had been completed under this program by fiscal 2014. The Kitakyushu municipal fire department, for instance, proposed developing a fire extinguishing composition able to extinguish fires using only a small amount of water. After building a system for collaboration with the University of Kitakyushu and local industries, they developed such a composition based on a natural surfactant whose use has greatly reduced the environmental load and whose performance meets the needs of fire-fighting operations conducted by fire department personnel in general fires. The team earned the Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications Award in the Fifth Merit Awards for Industry/Academia/Government Collaboration in fiscal 2007. In publishing the special issue on Fire and Disaster Prevention Technologies edited by Prof.Tomonori Kawano, Prof. Kazuya Uezu, and Prof. Takaaki Kato of the Research and Development Center of Fire and Environmental Safety, the University of Kitakyushu, it is shown that fire safety and disaster preparedness R&D undertaken by universities, local industries, and fire departments in Kitakyushu is proceeding on in an expanded scale. It is hoped that such undertakings and their findings will be extended to other areas, thus further promoting R&D in fire safety.

About some directions of creation and operation of first aid fire trucks

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
Александр Иванович Пичугин ◽  
Владимир Иванович Старцев ◽  
Дмитрий Генрихович Мичудо ◽  
Николай Владимирович Навценя
Keyword(s):  
First Aid ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Optimal Solutions ◽  
Fire Extinguishing ◽  
The Creation

Рассмотрены основные концептуальные направления создания пожарных автомобилей первой помощи (АПП). Проанализирован проведенный управленческий эксперимент с использованием АПП в рамках обсуждения в 2003 году на совещании-семинаре по теме «О результатах эксперимента по применению новых технологий пожаротушения с целью определения оптимальных решений по их применению». Сформулирован ряд замечаний по конструкции и функциональным возможностям эксплуатации этого типа ПА. Приведен рейтинг потребности АПП с учетом вместимости их цистерны для воды. Представлены данные из литературных источников, отражающие направления их создания и эксплуатации. The main conceptual directions in the creation of first aid fire trucks (APP) are considered. The standards for their creation and testing are presented. The importance of the presence of first aid in the fleet of fire trucks (PA), taking into account adaptation to operating conditions, is shown. The data on conducting a management experiment using the APP are presented as part of a discussion in 2003 at a meeting-seminar on the topic “On the results of an experiment on the use of new fire extinguishing technologies in order to determine optimal solutions for their application”. A number of remarks on the design and functionality of this type PA are made. The need rating in APP is given, taking into account the capacity of their water tank. Data from literature sources reflecting the directions of their creation and operation are presented.

ON THE ISSUE OF DETERMINING THE QUALITY OF FOAMING AGENTS DURING THEIR STORAGE AT FACILITIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-13
Author(s):  
Дмитрий Сергеевич Шентяпин ◽  
Евгений Вячеславович Баранов ◽  
Евгений Егорович Архипов ◽  
Владимир Васильевич Гришин
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Fire Departments ◽  
Fire Testing ◽  
Foaming Agents ◽  
Testing Laboratories ◽  
Fire Extinguishing ◽  
Wetting Agents ◽  
In Fire

В статье представлены результаты анализа экспертных заключений по отчетным материалам, выполненным испытательными пожарными лабораториями ФГБУ ФПС в 2021 году по контролю качества пенообразователей и смачивателей, хранящихся в пожарных частях, на объектах, а также в установках пожаротушения. There are presented the results of analysis of expert reports on the reporting materials carried out by fire testing laboratories of FGBU FPS in 2021 concerning quality control of foaming agents and wetting agents stored in fire departments, at facilities, as well as in fire extinguishing installations.

Comparison of Deterministic and Linear Cosine Spatial Filtering of Transmission Electron Micrographs

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 596-597
Author(s):  
David A. Ansley
Keyword(s):  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Spatial Filter ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
List Type ◽  
Spatial Filters ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Wide Range

The coherence of the electron flux of a transmission electron microscope (TEM) limits the direct application of deconvolution techniques which have been used successfully on unmanned spacecraft programs. The theory assumes noncoherent illumination. Deconvolution of a TEM micrograph will, therefore, in general produce spurious detail rather than improved resolution.A primary goal of our research is to study the performance of several types of linear spatial filters as a function of specimen contrast, phase, and coherence. We have, therefore, developed a one-dimensional analysis and plotting program to simulate a wide 'range of operating conditions of the TEM, including adjustment of the:(1) Specimen amplitude, phase, and separation(2) Illumination wavelength, half-angle, and tilt(3) Objective lens focal length and aperture width(4) Spherical aberration, defocus, and chromatic aberration focus shift(5) Detector gamma, additive, and multiplicative noise constants(6) Type of spatial filter: linear cosine, linear sine, or deterministic

Structure and properties of compact articles from high-alloyed iron powder with adding of boron nitride

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
B. O. Bolshakov ◽  
◽  
R. F. Galiakbarov ◽  
A. M. Smyslov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Boron Nitride ◽  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Steam Turbines ◽  
Friction Forces ◽  
Wide Range

The results of the research of structure and properties of a composite compact from 13 Cr – 2 Мо and BN powders depending on the concentration of boron nitride are provided. It is shown that adding boron nitride in an amount of more than 2% by weight of the charge mixture leads to the formation of extended grain boundary porosity and finely dispersed BN layers in the structure, which provides a high level of wearing properties of the material. The effect of boron nitride concentration on physical and mechanical properties is determined. It was found that the introduction of a small amount of BN (up to 2 % by weight) into the compacts leads to an increase in plasticity, bending strength, and toughness by reducing the friction forces between the metal powder particles during pressing and a more complete grain boundary diffusion process during sintering. The formation of a regulated structure-phase composition of powder compacts of 13 Cr – 2 Mо – BN when the content of boron nitride changes in them allows us to provide the specified physical and mechanical properties in a wide range. The obtained results of studies of the physical and mechanical characteristics of the developed material allow us to reasonably choose the necessary composition of the powder compact for sealing structures of the flow part of steam turbines, depending on their operating conditions.

Nitrogen Removal from Anaerobically-Treated Leachate

1984 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-100
Author(s):  
D. Prasad ◽  
J.G. Henry ◽  
P. Elefsiniotis
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Anaerobic Filter ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ammonia Desorption ◽  
Effects Of Ph

Abstract Laboratory studies were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of diffused aeration for the removal of ammonia from the effluent of an anaerobic filter treating leachate. The effects of pH, temperature and air flow on the process were studied. The coefficient of desorption of ammonia, KD for the anaerobic filter effluent (TKN 75 mg/L with NH3-N 88%) was determined at pH values of 9, 10 and 11, temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 30 and 35°C, and air flow rates of 50, 120, and 190 cm3/sec/L. Results indicated that nitrogen removal from the effluent of anaerobic filters by ammonia desorption was feasible. Removals exceeding 90% were obtained with 8 hours aeration at pH of 10, a temperature of 20°C, and an air flow rate of 190 cm3/sec/L. Ammonia desorption coefficients, KD, determined at other temperatures and air flow rates can be used to predict ammonia removals under a wide range of operating conditions.

scholarly journals Applications of Biocatalysts for Sustainable Oxidation of Phenolic Pollutants: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8620
Author(s):  
Sanaz Salehi ◽  
Kourosh Abdollahi ◽  
Reza Panahi ◽  
Nejat Rahmanian ◽  
Mozaffar Shakeri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Phenolic Pollutants ◽  
Petroleum Refinery Wastewater ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Effective Removal ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Loading Effects ◽  
Spent Caustic

Phenol and its derivatives are hazardous, teratogenic and mutagenic, and have gained significant attention in recent years due to their high toxicity even at low concentrations. Phenolic compounds appear in petroleum refinery wastewater from several sources, such as the neutralized spent caustic waste streams, the tank water drain, the desalter effluent and the production unit. Therefore, effective treatments of such wastewaters are crucial. Conventional techniques used to treat these wastewaters pose several drawbacks, such as incomplete or low efficient removal of phenols. Recently, biocatalysts have attracted much attention for the sustainable and effective removal of toxic chemicals like phenols from wastewaters. The advantages of biocatalytic processes over the conventional treatment methods are their ability to operate over a wide range of operating conditions, low consumption of oxidants, simpler process control, and no delays or shock loading effects associated with the start-up/shutdown of the plant. Among different biocatalysts, oxidoreductases (i.e., tyrosinase, laccase and horseradish peroxidase) are known as green catalysts with massive potentialities to sustainably tackle phenolic contaminants of high concerns. Such enzymes mainly catalyze the o-hydroxylation of a broad spectrum of environmentally related contaminants into their corresponding o-diphenols. This review covers the latest advancement regarding the exploitation of these enzymes for sustainable oxidation of phenolic compounds in wastewater, and suggests a way forward.

scholarly journals Wide range continuously tunable and fast thermal switching based on compressible graphene composite foams

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Du ◽  
Zixin Xiong ◽  
Luis Delgado ◽  
Weizhi Liao ◽  
Joseph Peoples ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Management ◽  
Dynamic Control ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Dynamic Thermal Management ◽  
Graphene Composite ◽  
Continuous Tuning ◽  
Composite Foams ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Thermal Switches ◽  
Thermal Switching

AbstractThermal switches have gained intense interest recently for enabling dynamic thermal management of electronic devices and batteries that need to function at dramatically varied ambient or operating conditions. However, current approaches have limitations such as the lack of continuous tunability, low switching ratio, low speed, and not being scalable. Here, a continuously tunable, wide-range, and fast thermal switching approach is proposed and demonstrated using compressible graphene composite foams. Large (~8x) continuous tuning of the thermal resistance is achieved from the uncompressed to the fully compressed state. Environmental chamber experiments show that our variable thermal resistor can precisely stabilize the operating temperature of a heat generating device while the ambient temperature varies continuously by ~10 °C or the heat generation rate varies by a factor of 2.7. This thermal device is promising for dynamic control of operating temperatures in battery thermal management, space conditioning, vehicle thermal comfort, and thermal energy storage.

scholarly journals Entangling Lattice-Trapped Bosons with a Free Impurity: Impact on Stationary and Dynamical Properties

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 290
Author(s):  
Maxim Pyzh ◽  
Kevin Keiler ◽  
Simeon I. Mistakidis ◽  
Peter Schmelcher
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Many Body ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Entropy Measures ◽  
Particle Level ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Tunneling Dynamics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Trapped Bosons

We address the interplay of few lattice trapped bosons interacting with an impurity atom in a box potential. For the ground state, a classification is performed based on the fidelity allowing to quantify the susceptibility of the composite system to structural changes due to the intercomponent coupling. We analyze the overall response at the many-body level and contrast it to the single-particle level. By inspecting different entropy measures we capture the degree of entanglement and intraspecies correlations for a wide range of intra- and intercomponent interactions and lattice depths. We also spatially resolve the imprint of the entanglement on the one- and two-body density distributions showcasing that it accelerates the phase separation process or acts against spatial localization for repulsive and attractive intercomponent interactions, respectively. The many-body effects on the tunneling dynamics of the individual components, resulting from their counterflow, are also discussed. The tunneling period of the impurity is very sensitive to the value of the impurity-medium coupling due to its effective dressing by the few-body medium. Our work provides implications for engineering localized structures in correlated impurity settings using species selective optical potentials.

scholarly journals Fundamental limits of electron and nuclear spin qubit lifetimes in an isolated self-assembled quantum dot

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
George Gillard ◽  
Ian M. Griffiths ◽  
Gautham Ragunathan ◽  
Ata Ulhaq ◽  
Callum McEwan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dot ◽  
Spin Relaxation ◽  
Nuclear Spin ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
External Control ◽  
Spin Qubits ◽  
Fundamental Limits ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Spin Qubit

AbstractCombining external control with long spin lifetime and coherence is a key challenge for solid state spin qubits. Tunnel coupling with electron Fermi reservoir provides robust charge state control in semiconductor quantum dots, but results in undesired relaxation of electron and nuclear spins through mechanisms that lack complete understanding. Here, we unravel the contributions of tunnelling-assisted and phonon-assisted spin relaxation mechanisms by systematically adjusting the tunnelling coupling in a wide range, including the limit of an isolated quantum dot. These experiments reveal fundamental limits and trade-offs of quantum dot spin dynamics: while reduced tunnelling can be used to achieve electron spin qubit lifetimes exceeding 1 s, the optical spin initialisation fidelity is reduced below 80%, limited by Auger recombination. Comprehensive understanding of electron-nuclear spin relaxation attained here provides a roadmap for design of the optimal operating conditions in quantum dot spin qubits.

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