Upflow Anaerobic Filter for the Treatment of Wastewater from a Natural Rubber Latex Concentration Unit

In this study, wastewater from a centrifuge rubber latex concentration unit was experimentally treated by an up-flow anaerobic filter (UAF) at variable hydraulic detention time to investigate the COD removal efficiency and the gas production rate. The UAF reactors were made of PVC pipe with an inside diameter of 9.5 cm, 180 cm in height, with a bed volume of 12.8 L, and filled with polyethylene media. The initial COD concentration of wastewater was in the range 4620 - 10400 mg.L-1. HRTs were controlled at 20 days, with the organic loading rate varying from 2.9 to 10.5 kg.day.m-3. The findings show that the COD removal efficiency of the system was in the range of 85% to 92% for the varying organic loading rates. In addition, the specific methane production rate varied from 8.2 to 14 L of CH4 produced/g of COD destroyed/day for the different organic loading rates.

Exploratory study of municipal wastewater primary sedimentation basin effluent treatment using an upflow anaerobic filter

This report describes the results of exploratory tests conducted using a 95-liter upflow anaerobic filter (UAF) bioreactor test unit fed raw primary sedimentation basin effluent at a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The main objectives of the exploratory study were to obtain substrate conversion and hydraulic data for use in making full-scale projections, evaluate potential biofilm support materials, and to assess the suitability of the upflow anaerobic filter unit process as part of a new concept for a complete municipal wastewater treatment plant. The tests were conducted using available equipment with no effort made to optimize the system. The main findings of the tests are: COD loading rate: 2,1 kg COD/m3/day, hydraulic retention time: 3 hours, average influent energy conversion: 71% (Influent HHV -effluent HHV), biogas CH4 content up to 65%, stable operation at 16°C, evaluation of different biofilm support materials (see text), non-biodegradable ash and phenolic compounds account for at least 63% of the total solids contained in primary sedimentation basin effluent and they are the most important contributors to turbidity.

Limbah Cair Tapioka, Pencemaran, dan Teknik Pengolahannya

ENGLISHThe tapioca industry is one type of agro-industry that is widely developed in Indonesia. The problem that often arises due to the presence of the tapioca industries is waste pollution, especially liquid waste. Tapioca liquid waste is immediately disposed of into the river flows without any treatment process. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the impact caused by the disposal of tapioca liquid waste, especially on the aquaculture environment and alternative processing technology. The research method is literature study. Tapioca liquid pollution increases the death vulnerability the biota in the ponds, namely shrimp and milkfish. The danger of tapioca liquid waste pollution can be minimized by treating the disposed liquid waste properly. Several alternatives of wastewater treatment that can be applied to minimize the impact of pollution caused by tapioca liquid waste are (1) ultrafiltration membranes can separate suspended solids; ABR (Anaerobic Baffled Reactor) and UAF (Up-flow Anaerobic Filter) systems can reduce COD concentrations; photo-catalysts can reduce COD concentrations; phytoremediation with water hyacinth can reduce BOD, COD, and CN concentrations and increase pH of tapioca wastewater; and batch sequencing reactor shows efficiency of removing HCN, BOD, COD, turbidity, sodium, magnesium, and calcium. INDONESIAIndustri tapioka merupakan salah satu jenis agroindustri yang banyak berkembang di Indonesia. Permasalahan yang sering timbul dari industri tapioka adalah pencemaran limbah, terutama limbah cair. Limbah cair tapioka langsung dibuang ke aliran sungai tanpa melewati proses pengolahan terlebih dahulu. Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah memberikan gambaran mengenai dampak yang ditimbulkan oleh adanya pembuangan limbah cair tapioka khususnya terhadap lingkungan pertambakan serta alternatif teknologi pengolahannya. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka. Pencemaran limbah cair tapioka mengakibatkan kerawanan kematian biota yang dibudidayakan di tambak, yaitu udang dan bandeng. Bahaya pencemaran limbah cair tapioka dapat diminimalisir dengan melakukan pengolahan terhadap limbah cair yang dibuang. Beberapa alternatif pengolahan limbah cair untuk meminimalisir dampak pencemaran oleh limbah cair tapioka, yaitu (1) membran ultrafiltrasi, yang dapat memisahkan padatan tersuspensi; (2) sistem ABR (Anaerobic Baffled Reactor) dan sistem UAF (Upflow Anaerobic Filter, yang dapat menurunkan konsentrasi COD; (3) fotokatalis, yang dapat menurunkan konsentrasi COD; (4) fitoremediasi dengan eceng gondok, yang mampu menurunkan konsentrasi BOD, COD, dan CN serta meningkatkan pH limbah cair tapioka; dan (5) sistem SBR (Sequencing Batch Reactor) menunjukkan efisiensi pembuangan HCN, BOD, COD, kekeruhan, sodium, magnesium, dan kalsium.

APLIKASI PENGUKUR TINGKAT PH DAN ZAT PADAT TERLARUT PADA IN-STALASI PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH UNTUK TANAMAN HIDROPONIK MENGGUNAKAN SENSOR PH METER DAN TDS METER

Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah adalah Saluran Pembuangan Limbah Bersama/Komunal. Saluran ini mengalirkan limbah rumah tangga dari tiap rumah ke instalasi pengolahan limbah masyarakat setempat, atau ke sistem pembuangan limbah kota. Namun pada umumnya hasil akhir air limbah IPAL (Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah) hanya dialirkan kesungai dan tidak dimanfaatkan kembali untuk hal yang terarah. Air hasil akhir yang dikeluarkan oleh IPAL (Instalasi Penolahan Air Limbah) telah melalu beberapa proses diantaranya, Grit Chamber (penangkap padatan), Equalisasi, Settler, Anaerobic Buffle Reactor, Anaerobic Filter. Dari proses pengolahan air limbah tersebut air yang dihasilkan merupakan air jernih, namun untuk tingkah ph dan zat padat terlarut belum diketahui. Maka diperlukan sebuah alat dan aplikasi yang dapat mengukur kadar air pada air limbah. Berdasarkan alasan tersebut penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengukur tingkat PH dan zat padat terlarut menggunakan sensor PH meter dan TDS meter dan microcontroller menggunakan nodeMCU ESP8266 dan memberikan re-komendasi tanaman hidroponik berdasarkan nilai dari sensor PH meter.

Anaerobic Degradation of Individual Components from 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Process-Wastewater in Continuously Operated Fixed Bed Reactors

Production of bio-based materials in biorefineries is coupled with the generation of organic-rich process-wastewater that requires further management. Anaerobic technologies can be employed as a tool for the rectification of such hazardous by-products. Therefore, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural process-wastewater and its components were investigated for their biodegradability in a continuous anaerobic process. The test components included 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, levulinic acid, and the full process-wastewater. Each component was injected individually into a continuously operating anaerobic filter at a concentration of 0.5 gCOD. On the basis of large discrepancies within the replicates for each component, we classified their degradation into the categories of “delayed”, “retarded”, and “inhibitory”. Inhibitory represented the replicates for all the test components that hampered the process. For the retarded degradation, their mean methane yield per 0.5 gCOD was between 21.31 ± 13.04 mL and 28.98 ± 25.38 mL. Delayed digestion was considered adequate for further assessments in which the order of conversion to methane according to specific methane yield for each component from highest to lowest was as follows: levulinic acid > furfural > 5-hydroxymethylfurfural > process-wastewater. Disparities and inconsistencies in the degradation of process-wastewater and its components can compromise process stability as a whole. Hence, the provision of energy with such feedstock is questionable.

Systems alternative for treating wastewater for irrigation in a vertical production system

<p>The growing need to increase productivity in smaller areas guides agricultural research to develop and improve technologies that seek to meet this demand. The possibility of producing vegetables in areas where land is a limiting factor is something that draws attention, especially for family farmers and residents of urban areas who wish to produce their food. The vertical cultivation system is a technique developed focusing on the production of medicinal, horticultural, and ornamental crops, mainly in places without the ideal space for conventional production, and widely used for those that seek sustainable and organic production. The vertical system build with 200 liters drums allows the farmer to produce 52 plants in about 1 m<sup>2</sup>, and all the researches carried out with these systems shows high productivity and a water use efficiency superior to conventional production systems. The use of wastewater allows the irrigator to produce in places where clean water is scarce, in addition to taking advantage of the nutritional content present in it, thus reducing fertilizer costs. For this, it is necessary to ensure that the effluent undergoes treatments to avoid possible contamination. As treatment options tested that provide safe agricultural reuse of wastewater, we present three solutions: a low-cost and nature-based treatment system compound by the combination of a biological filter bed (BFB) and a solar disinfection (SODIS) reactor, a low-cost anaerobic filter, and the SODIS reactor + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. The BFB consists of four equals rectangular fiberglass water tanks presenting the following dimensions: 100 x 35x 31 cm. The water tanks were connected in series by a PVC pipe of 50 mm. Gravel with size ranging from 4.8 to 9.5 mm were used as biofilter media. The wastewater filtered by the BFB was directed to the SODIS reactor. The SODIS reactor was made of concrete and shaped in the form of an inverted truncated cone with the following dimensions: 1.0 m of larger radius, 0.25 m of smaller radius and 0.30 m of height. The anaerobic filter consists of six identical plastic 200 liters drums connected in series through a PVC pipe of 32 mm, filled with gravel that presented an average diameter of 14 mm. In order to speed up the SODIS process in the reactor, in a wastewater depth of 0.10 m, it was added 125 mg L<sup>-1</sup> of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2. </sub>Wastewater treatment can provide wastewater with concentrations of fecal coliform ≤ 1000 MPN 100 mL<sup>-1</sup>. The wastewater treated by the treatment options described here can be safely reused to irrigate crops cultivated in vertical systems. Several studies have been showing that in crops irrigated with wastewater, crop yield can be higher than those irrigated with tap water. It is evident the need to combine treatment strategies to better take advantage of the benefits provided by the reuse of wastewater in irrigated agriculture, while using alternative ways of producing food, thus the producer can grow his food even with little available space, and avoids circulation in public places to purchase their food.</p>