Missing Links in Some Curious Auditory Phenomena: A Tale from the Middle Ear

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (02) ◽  
pp. 106-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
MiChelle S. Carpenter ◽  
Anthony T. Cacace ◽  
Marty J. Mahoney
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Bone Conduction ◽  
Major Advance ◽  
Age Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
Middle Ear Disease ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Incremental Step

Background: Broadband middle ear power reflectance (BMEPR) is an emerging noninvasive electroacoustic measure that evaluates transmission/reflection properties of the middle ear in high resolution. It is applicable over the entire age continuum and is rapid to perform. However, it remains to be determined if BMEPR is just an incremental step in the evolution of middle ear assessment or a major advance in the way middle ear function can be evaluated. Purpose: To evaluate effects of age, gender, ear, and frequency on BMEPR measurements in adults without a history of middle ear disease and to assess whether these factors require consideration in test development; to review how these data may influence active physiologic process within the inner ear; to consider how they reconcile with previously published results; and to suggest applications for future research. Research Design: Prospective, cross-sectional, multivariate analysis to evaluate the effects of age, gender, ear, and frequency on BMEPR in humans without a history of middle ear disease and no air-bone gaps exceeding 10 dB for any frequency. Study Sample: Fifty-six adults in two age groups (Group 1: 18–25 yr, n = 28; Group 2: ≥50 and <66 yr, n = 28). Each age group was stratified by ear and gender in a balanced design. Data Collection and Analysis: Pure tone air conduction and bone-conduction audiometry was conducted in a commercial sound booth, using a clinical audiometer with standard earphones enclosed in supra-aural ear cushions, and a standard bone-conduction oscillator and headband to evaluate for air-bone gaps. Broadband middle ear power reflectance was measured using a calibrated, commercially available computer-controlled system that incorporated a high quality probe assembly to transduce stimuli and record acoustic responses from the ear canal. Data were analyzed with a four-way (2 × 2 × 2 × 16) repeated measures analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) to evaluate the effects of age group (young vs. old), gender (male vs. female), ear (left vs. right), and frequency (258 to 5040 Hz) on BMEPR. Results: The ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of frequency. There were also gender × ear, gender × frequency, and age × gender × ear interactions. The three-way, age × gender × ear interaction captured the essence of results and revealed lowest power reflectance values in younger females and for right ears. This trend partially reversed in the older age group where higher power reflectance values were observed only in right ears of older females. Conclusions: The significant effects of age, gender, ear, and frequency on BMEPR parallel ear- and gender-related differences in hearing sensitivity, ear, and gender differences in the prevalence of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), gender differences in the magnitude of transient evoked OAEs, and ear differences in transient evoked contralateral OAE suppression effects reported in the literature. While original discussions of these aforementioned effects focused primarily on endocochlear and olivocochlear mechanisms, the BMEPR measurements reported herein suggest that middle ear transmission characteristics may also play a role.

scholarly journals Age and Gender Differences in Evaluating the Pedagogical Usability of E-Learning Materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-189
Author(s):  
Liubomir Djalev ◽  
Stanislav Bogdanov
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Instructional Designers ◽  
Learning Materials ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Age And Gender Differences ◽  
E Learning ◽  
And Gender

The purpose of the study is to examine the pedagogical usability of interactive e-learning materials for foreign language practice. It is based upon two studies of the expected between-group and within-group differences among participants in the educational process. The sample consists of two groups – lecturers and students, a total of 100 participants, each evaluating four materials specifically prepared for this study. Two consecutive repeated measures ANOVA were conducted in which the gender/age, the position of the participants in the educational process, and usability dimensions were the independent variables. Results indicated that all independent variables and their interactions have a significant effects on the evaluations of the pedagogical usability. Women tend to assign higher values than men. Аge groups generally differ in their evaluations, although there is a tendency to give similar ratings for the individual dimensions of pedagogical usability. The 31-40 years age group evaluates the materials higher while the lowest evaluations are given by the groups of 21-30 and 50+ year old participants. Students tend to rate the pedagogical usability systemically higher than the lecturers. Usability dimensions also have a significant effect on evaluations. The most prominent feature of the materials, by a great margin, is their Applicability. The findings corroborate previous research which show age and gender differences in web usability do exist. We conclude that these differences exist as much in pedagogical usability as in technical usability. Further investigations are suggested to explore more deeply the differences in the perceived pedagogical value of e-learning materials as this has implications for instructional designers, teachers and learners alike.

Temperament and Personality

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A. Gartstein ◽  
Samuel P. Putnam ◽  
Elaine N. Aron ◽  
Mary K. Rothbart
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender

This chapter provides an overview of theory and research addressing temperament and personality, particularly as these are relevant to clinical applications. Our review begins with a brief history of influential frameworks and foundational constructs, including aspects they share in common and others engendering disagreement. Measurement approaches, development of temperament/personality, the biological underpinnings, and studies addressing cross-cultural and gender differences, are also noted in this review. The chapter concludes with problems in adaptation associated with temperament, focusing on ameliorating those difficulties through clinical applications of temperament and personality constructs with children and adults. Importantly, a developmental, empirically focused perspective informed this chapter, and as a result, this work includes references to developmental periods from early childhood to adulthood, emphasizing approaches that have received empirical support.

scholarly journals Eustachian tube opening measured by sonotubometry is poorer in adults with a history of past middle ear disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam S. Teixeira ◽  
Juliane Banks ◽  
J. Douglas Swarts ◽  
Cuneyt M. Alper ◽  
William J. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
History Of ◽  
Middle Ear Disease

Clinical Asssessment of Sensorineural Hearing Loss among Diabetes Mellitus Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-119
Author(s):  
Raveendra P Gadag ◽  
Puneeth S Nayak ◽  
Tejaswini J
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Family History ◽  
Hearing Impairment ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Bone Conduction ◽  
Pure Tone Audiometry ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender

Background: Hearing impairment is known to hamper the quality of life among patients, especially among diabetics due to the association of neuropathy with diabetes. However, the prevalence and degree of the SNHL depends upon different factors, such as age, gender, disease duration of DM, family history and glycemic status of the patients. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the association of SNHL with DM duration and familial DM and gender preponderance among SNHL–DM patients. Methods: Total 140 patients with DM were assessed for hearing impairment using Rinne, Weber and Absolute Bone Conduction Tests along with pure tone audiometry. Patients’ glycaemic status was determined by estimating fasting blood glucose (FBG) and post prandial blood glucose (PPBG) levels. Independent t-test, chi-square, ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation tests along with linear regression model were used to find association and correlation using R software. Results: Out of 140 patients, 60 were suffering from SNHL and majority were suffering from bilateral minimal hearing loss. SNHL was significantly associated with family history, age, duration of DM, FBG and PPBG levels were(Pvalues:1.79E08, 4.41E-06 and 0.02), however, significant correlated with duration of DM, FBS and PPBG level (r value:0.14–0.41).Furthermore, significant SNHL at 500 and 8000Hz was observed in the present study (Pvalue:0.002). Conclusion: A conclusive proof was drawn that family history of DM serve as a valuable variable in assessing the SNHL among DM patients.

Eustachian Tube Ventilatory Function in Children

1976 ◽  
Vol 85 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 171-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erdem I. Cantekin ◽  
Charles D. Bluestone ◽  
Leon P. Parkin
Keyword(s):  
Tympanic Membrane ◽  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Chronic Otitis Media ◽  
Response Characteristic ◽  
Ventilatory Function ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Tympanostomy Tubes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Middle Ear Disease

In order to establish a simple stimulus-response characteristic of Eustachian tube physiology in children, the tubal ventilatory function was studied. The parameters of active and passive opening of the tube were measured for three groups of patients with non-intact tympanic membranes. The group with traumatic perforations of the tympanic membrane without any history of middle ear disease had better active equilibration function than the group with chronic otitis media and perforations of the tympanic membrane and the group with tympanostomy tubes in the tympanic membrane. Quantitatively, this could be expressed in terms of residual positive pressures. In the study of repeated inflation of the middle ear, all groups had lower second opening pressures which are attributed to the effect of surface forces.

scholarly journals Influence of Eating Schedule on the Postprandial Response: Gender Differences

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Masihy ◽  
Hugo Monrroy ◽  
Giulio Borghi ◽  
Teodora Pribic ◽  
Carmen Galan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sensory Experience ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Postprandial Response ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Schedule Effect

Ingestion of a meal induces conscious sensations depending of the characteristics of the meal and the predisposition of the eater. We hypothesized that the eating schedule plays a conditioning role, specifically, that an extemporaneous meal is less rewarding than when eaten at the habitual schedule. We conducted a randomized parallel trial in 10 women and 10 men comparing the responses to a consistent savoury lunch-type meal (stewed beans) eaten at the habitual afternoon schedule or at an unconventional time in the morning. Schedule and gender differences were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of covariance. In women, the sensory experience induced by the probe meal, particularly postprandial satisfaction, was weaker when eaten at an unconventional time for breakfast. Men were resilient to the schedule effect and experienced the same sensations regardless of the timing of ingestion; the effect of the eating schedule was significantly more pronounced in women for fullness (F(1,55) = 14.9; p < 0.001), digestive well-being (F(1,36.8) = 22.3; p < 0.001), mood (F(1,12.4) = 13.8; p < 0.001), and anxiety (F(1,11.9) = 10.9; p = 0.001). No differences in the physiological responses induced by the afternoon and morning meals were detected either in women or men. Our data indicate that women are more susceptible to changes in meal schedule than men.

Working with sex offenders with a history of sexual trauma: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-103
Author(s):  
Abbie Woodhouse ◽  
◽  
Sarah Craven-Staines ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sex Offenders ◽  
Nursing Staff ◽  
Sexual Offenders ◽  
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
Sexual Trauma ◽  
Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender

Gender differences impact the work that professionals engage in with sexual offenders and victims of sexual trauma (with females often perceived as more likely to experience sexual trauma, and males as more likely to commit a sexual offence). However, there is no evidence looking at these factors in combination. This study aimed to address this gap, asking: “Are experiences of nursing staff working with sex offenders with a history of sexual trauma affected by gender differences, that is, in terms of gender of the staff member, and gender of the client they are working with?” Eight participants, (four male, four female) working within a Forensic Mental Health Service took part in semi-structured interviews. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Five superordinate themes emerged from the data, along with a number of subordinate themes. Superordinate themes included: ‘Gender has a role’, ‘The trauma response’, ‘How we cope’, and ‘What we need’. Nursing staff working with sexual offenders with historic sexual trauma found work to be challenging both emotionally and socially. Such challenges were complicated by the gender interaction between them as professionals, and the patients who have experience of being both victims and perpetrators of sexual abuse.

Middle Ear Disease in Children with Congenital Velopharyngeal Insufficiency

2004 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Sheahan ◽  
Ian Miller ◽  
Michael J. Earley ◽  
Jerome N. Sheahan ◽  
Alexander W. Blayney
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Velopharyngeal Insufficiency ◽  
Type I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ear Infections ◽  
Middle Ear Disease

Objective To examine the incidence and natural history of middle ear disease in children with congenital velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) without cleft palate. Setting and Subjects Children with congenital VPI attending the combined cleft clinic at a tertiary cleft center. The diagnosis of congenital VPI in all cases was confirmed be the observation of hypernasality, nasal air escape, or both by a speech and language therapist and the demonstration of incompetence of the velopharyngeal sphincter by means of nasoendoscopy or videofluoroscopy. Children with overt cleft palate or postsurgical VPI were excluded. Design The children's medical records were reviewed, and a questionnaire regarding history of ear problems was sent to all parents. Children were divided into those with Pruzansky type I VPI (showing bifid uvula, midline diastasis of soft palate, or submucous cleft of the hard palate) and Pruzansky type II VPI (no visible stigmata). Main Outcome Measures Incidence of reported ear problems, ear infections, hearing loss, and surgical intervention for middle ear disease in the whole group and in each of the subgroups. Results Seventy-one parents returned completed questionnaires. The overall incidence of middle ear disease was 63%, with 28% reported to have below-normal hearing. There was no significant difference between children with Pruzansky types I and II VPI with respect to incidence of otopathology or hearing loss. Conclusions Irrespective of the presence of any visible palatal abnormalities, children with congenital VPI showed a substantial incidence of otopathology and should thus be closely monitored.

scholarly journals Eustachian Tube Function in 6-Year-Old Children with and without a History of Middle Ear Disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 154 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen M. Mandel ◽  
Margaretha L. Casselbrant ◽  
Beverly C. Richert ◽  
Miriam S. Teixeira ◽  
J. Douglas Swarts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Eustachian Tube Function ◽  
Tube Function ◽  
History Of ◽  
Middle Ear Disease
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