scholarly journals Right for the wrong reason; wrong for the right reason: Gibson and Arnheim on picture perception

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-87
Author(s):  
Ian Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Picture Perception ◽  
Visual World ◽  
Wrong Reason ◽  
Right Reason ◽  
The Right ◽  
Semiotic Theory

Although J J Gibson’s theory of picture perception was often crude and biased toward naturalism, its fundamental division between the visual world and the visual field made it a semiotic theory. Contrariwise, although Arnheim wrote sensitively on pictures, he never seemed to admit that they were signs. This paper reviews both Gibson’s and Arnheim’s theories of picture perception, and explains where Arnheim’s biases caused him to lose the possibility of framing his approach in the most basic semiotic terms. Nevertheless, using the phenomenological semiotics of Sonesson and his theory of the Lifeworld Hierarchy, I demonstrate latent semiotic elements in Arnheim’s theory, due perhaps to Alfred Schutz’s influence. Hoping to argue against the brute theory of denotation, Arnheim instead sought to delay invocation of (conventional) signs as long as possible, and his idea of iconic pictorialization assumes but does not name signification. Nevertheless, I propose that Arnheim has a kind of theory of the Lifeworld Hierarchy inside the picture. Thus, he (wrongly) does not see the picture as overtly signifying but interestingly gives hints about how to treat the objects of the virtual world of the picture based on their relationship to the overall style of the work.

Utilitarianism and the Noble Art

Philosophy ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 63 (243) ◽  
pp. 63-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Radford
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Main Claim ◽  
Positive Difference ◽  
Moral Rightness ◽  
Wrong Thing ◽  
Human Happiness ◽  
Wrong Reason ◽  
Right Reason ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

Utilitarianism tells us that actions are morally right and good if and to the extent that they add to human happiness or diminish human unhappiness. And—or, perhaps, therefore—it also tells us that the best action a person can perform is that which of all the possible actions open to him is the one which makes the greatest positive difference to human happiness. Moreover, as everyone will also remember, utilitarianism further tries to tell us, perhaps intending it as a corollary of that first, main claim, that the motive for an action has nothing to do with its moral rightness or goodness. (This, of course, is just a philosopher's excessive and incorrect way of making the platitudinous point that one may do the wrong thing for the right reason and the right thing for the wrong reason.) But even if, as utilitarians, we accepted the dubious corollary, it would not follow, as many have thought, that utilitarians have no moral interest in motives. For unless, absurdly, a utilitarian believed either that there was never more than a fortuitous connection between on the one hand what we intended to do and on the other what we did and the consequences of what we did, or that, if there were such connections, we could not know of them, he must believe, as a moralist, that the best motive a person can have for performing an action is likely to be the desire to produce the happiest result. Indeed, utilitarians ought to be morally committed, it would seem, to trying to find out as much as they can about the consequences of our actions, e.g. what connections exist, if any, between how we raise children and what sort of adults they grow up to be.

scholarly journals STUDENTS MISCONCEPTION IDENTIFICATION OF CHEMICAL CANDIDATES TEACHERS USING THREE TIER TEST METHOD IN THE BASIC CONCEPT OF CHEMICAL BOND

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
Napsin Palisoa ◽  
Dominggus Tahya ◽  
Victor Kayadoe
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Candidates ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Chemistry Teacher ◽  
Tier 2 ◽  
Wrong Answer ◽  
Wrong Reason ◽  
Teacher Students ◽  
Right Reason ◽  
The Right

Misconceptions possessed by prospective chemistry teacher students greatly affect the learning process when teaching in class, because the information or concepts conveyed to students are misconceptions. Prospective chemistry teacher students who experience misconceptions are simply reduced, because if a long misconception is left in the memory of the student there is a resistant misconception, namely a strong misconception that is difficult to reduce and constantly occurs. To find out whether the concepts stored in the memory of prospective chemistry teacher students, misconceptions need to be detected using the diagnostic three-tier test method. Diagnostic three-tier test method consists of 3 tiers, tier 1 is the choice of answers, tier 2 choices of reasons, and the third tier is the choice of the level of confidence of the answers and reasons. Diagnostic three-tier test method can detect misconceptions owned by students with the category of misconception 1 (M1), misconception 2 (M2), and misconception 3 (M3). The MK1 category students have the right answer choices, the wrong reason choices, but have the right beliefs, the M2 category students have the wrong answer choices, the right reason choices, but have the right beliefs, while the M3 category of students have the wrong answer choices, the wrong reason choices, but have confidence right. Detection test results using three-tier diagnostic methods, obtained from 32 students who took the test there are (28) 87% of chemistry teacher candidates experienced misconceptions (M1, M2, and M3). Prospective chemistry teacher students who have detected misconceptions on the basic concepts of chemical bonds need to be corrected, so that after graduating from college they do not bring misconceptions to students while teaching. Students' misconceptions can be reduced using an integrated 3R conceptual change (recall, recognition, and reintegration) (CC3R) strategy

scholarly journals Why Luck Egalitarianism Fails in Condemning Oppression

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia A. Stark
Keyword(s):  
Moral Standing ◽  
Luck Egalitarianism ◽  
Wrong Reason ◽  
Right Reason ◽  
The Right ◽  
Luck Egalitarian ◽  
Do So

Luck egalitarianism has been criticized for (1) condoning some cases of oppression and (2) condemning others for the wrong reason—namely, that the victims were not responsible for their oppression. Oppression is unjust, however, the criticism says, regardless of whether victims are responsible for it, simply because it is contrary to the equal moral standing of persons. I argue that four luck egalitarian responses to this critique are inadequate. Two address only the first part of the objection and do so in a way that risks making luck egalitarianism inconsistent. A third severely dilutes the luck egalitarian doctrine. A fourth manages to denounce some instances of oppression for the right reason, but at the same time permits other instances of oppression and condemns yet others for the wrong reason.

Proleptic Reasons

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Callard
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Extrinsic Rewards ◽  
Internal Reasons ◽  
Wrong Reason ◽  
Good Grade ◽  
Right Reason ◽  
The Right

If someone is to rationally engage in a large-scale transformative pursuit, she must be acting on some reason. The would-be music-lover cannot listen to music for the “right” reason, namely the intrinsic value of that music. For in order to grasp this reason, she would have to already value music. Nor can she act on the “wrong” reason, for instance because she wants a good grade or in order to impress someone: if she were listening only for the sake of such extrinsic rewards, she would not be transforming herself. Such agents act on proleptic reasons, which are acknowledged to be defective variants of the reasons they will come to grasp fully at the end of their transformations. Proleptic reasons are not internal reasons—they cannot be arrived at by sound deliberation from what the agent already cares about. Instead, they reflect the possibility of rationally coming to care about something new.

The Problem Of Mistaken Self-Defense: Citizenship, Chiasmus, and Legal Form

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Norrie
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Mens Rea ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Wrong Thing ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Wrong Reason ◽  
The Law ◽  
Right Reason ◽  
The Right ◽  
Political Understanding

This essay concerns the law of mistaken self-defense in England and Wales. It considers the widely held view that the honest mistake rule is wrong because it relates the mistake to mens rea. It accordingly fails to distinguish between offense and defense, and within defenses between justification and excuse. I argue against this view that these core criminal law concepts are fluid and irresolute. Mistaken self-defense can be analyzed in terms of an irreducible chiasmus (antithesis) in the law between "doing the right thing for a wrong reason" and "doing the wrong thing for a right reason." This makes it doctrinally unstable. When this is understood, it becomes clear that it may sometimes make moral and legal sense to analyze mistaken self-defense as concerning proof of mens rea, and sometimes not. What determines the matter in individual cases is a political understanding of the nature of citizenship in modern society. The analysis is offered in the light of recent police killings of innocent members of the public in London.

Visual asymmetries during face encoding Increased dwell time and fixations in the upper and left hemifields

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Maria Felisberti
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Reading Habits ◽  
The Right

Visual field asymmetries (VFA) in the encoding of groups rather than individual faces has been rarely investigated. Here, eye movements (dwell time (DT) and fixations (Fix)) were recorded during the encoding of three groups of four faces tagged with cheating, cooperative, or neutral behaviours. Faces in each of the three groups were placed in the upper left (UL), upper right (UR), lower left (LL), or lower right (LR) quadrants. Face recognition was equally high in the three groups. In contrast, the proportion of DT and Fix were higher for faces in the left than the right hemifield and in the upper rather than the lower hemifield. The overall time spent looking at the UL was higher than in the other quadrants. The findings are relevant to the understanding of VFA in face processing, especially groups of faces, and might be linked to environmental cues and/or reading habits.

scholarly journals Proning related bilateral anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy in a patient with COVID-19 related acute respiratory distress syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsty Michelle Clarke ◽  
Vivi Riga ◽  
Amy-lee Shirodkar ◽  
Joel Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Prone Positioning ◽  
Disc Oedema ◽  
Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background Non-arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is a rare but harmful complication of prone positioning. Prone mechanical ventilation is a therapeutic strategy which has been used extensively during the COVID-19 pandemic to treat acutely hypoxemic patients with COVID-19 related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Though a small number of cases of unilateral NAION have been reported in patients testing positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, we describe what is to our knowledge, the first reported case of bilateral NAION occurring in a patient proned extensively for the treatment of COVID-19 related ARDS. We consider the potential aetiological factors leading to NAION after prone mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19 and suggest strategies to protect against its development. Case presentation : We report a case of severe, irreversible, visual impairment secondary to bilateral anterior ION in a fifty-five-year-old male who underwent eight episodes of prone mechanical ventilation to treat COVID-19 related ARDS. Once weaned from his sedation he reported bilateral painless vision loss, and bedside ophthalmological assessment identified a reduced visual acuity of 3/30 unaided in the left eye and counting fingers in the right. Dilated indirect ophthalmoscopy revealed inferotemporal optic disc oedema with splinter haemorrhages in the right eye and mild disc oedema, temporal pallor, and nerve fibre layer haemorrhages inferiorly in the left eye. Humphrey visual field 24 − 2 testing confirmed a severely constricted visual field with macular sparing on the right and depressed inferonasal vision with preserved peripheral vision on the left eye. OCT disc imaging shortly after diagnosis revealed bilateral disc swelling and flame haemorrhages in the right eye. Conclusions NAION is a devastating, but preventable complication of prone positioning, which may pose significant risk of vision loss in patients with COVID-19 related ARDS.

scholarly journals Lateralization of attention in adults with ADHD: Evidence of pseudoneglect

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartosz Helfer ◽  
Stefanos Maltezos ◽  
Elizabeth Liddle ◽  
Jonna Kuntsi ◽  
Philip Asherson
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Study Participant ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Right Visual Field ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Incentive Condition ◽  
Reaction Time Variability ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background. We investigated whether adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show pseudoneglect—preferential allocation of attention to the left visual field (LVF) and a resulting slowing of mean reaction times (MRTs) in the right visual field (RVF), characteristic of neurotypical (NT) individuals —and whether lateralization of attention is modulated by presentation speed and incentives. Method. Fast Task, a four-choice reaction-time task where stimuli were presented in LVF or RVF, was used to investigate differences in MRT and reaction time variability (RTV) in adults with ADHD (n = 43) and NT adults (n = 46) between a slow/no-incentive and fast/incentive condition. In the lateralization analyses, pseudoneglect was assessed based on MRT, which was calculated separately for the LVF and RVF for each condition and each study participant. Results. Adults with ADHD had overall slower MRT and increased RTV relative to NT. MRT and RTV improved under the fast/incentive condition. Both groups showed RVF-slowing with no between-group or between-conditions differences in RVF-slowing. Conclusion. Adults with ADHD exhibited pseudoneglect, a NT pattern of lateralization of attention, which was not attenuated by presentation speed and incentives.

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