scholarly journals Observation as photography: A metaphor

M n gement ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-99
Author(s):  
Hervé Laroche
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Observational Methods ◽  
History Of Photography ◽  
Observation Methods ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Rich History ◽  
Data Reading ◽  
Huge Variety

From its invention in the middle of the 19th century to the present date, photography has generally been considered as a highly reliable means for capturing data about a wide range of objects and for a huge variety of purposes. Though debated, photography’s relationship with reality is specific and powerful. Because of its long and rich history, photography has encountered many problems and challenges observation methods and practices in management studies. Taking photography as a metaphor for observation in general, this article explores the successive steps of a research project relying on observation. Taking photographs is capturing data; reading photographs is analyzing and interpreting data; and showing photographs is presenting the findings in publications. For each stage of the process, various issues are discussed, drawing on the scientific, forensic, artistic, or vernacular uses of photography. Particular attention is accorded to key examples in the history of photography. This article is an invitation to reflect on observational methods and practices in a non-demonstrative, heuristic manner.

scholarly journals Some notes on a historical perspective of panic disorder

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Egidio Nardi
Keyword(s):  
Panic Disorder ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Greek Mythology ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Therapeutic Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article aims to describe important points in the history of panic disorder concept, as well as to highlight the importance of its diagnosis for clinical and research developments. Panic disorder has been described in several literary reports and folklore. One of the oldest examples lies in Greek mythology - the god Pan, responsible for the term panic. The first half of the 19th century witnessed the culmination of medical approach. During the second half of the 19th century came the psychological approach of anxiety. The 20th century associated panic disorder to hereditary, organic and psychological factors, dividing anxiety into simple and phobic anxious states. Therapeutic development was also observed in psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic fields. Official classifications began to include panic disorder as a category since the third edition of the American Classification Manual (1980). Some biological theories dealing with etiology were widely discussed during the last decades of the 20th century. They were based on laboratory studies of physiological, cognitive and biochemical tests, as the false suffocation alarm theory and the fear network. Such theories were important in creating new diagnostic paradigms to modern psychiatry. That suggests the need to consider a wide range of historical variables to understand how particular features for panic disorder diagnosis have been developed and how treatment has emerged.

scholarly journals Geographical Imagination, Anthropology, and Political Exiles

Sibirica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-84
Author(s):  
Tatiana Saburova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Natural World ◽  
History Of Photography ◽  
Local Society ◽  
Geographical Imagination ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
Anthropological Research ◽  
Political Exile ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article is focused on several themes connected with the history of photography, political exile in Imperial Russia, exploration and representations of Siberia in the late 19th–early 20th centuries. Photography became an essential tool in numerous geographic, topographic and ethnographic expeditions to Siberia in the late 19th century; well-known scientists started to master photography or were accompanied by professional photographers in their expeditions, including ones organized by the Russian Imperial Geographic Society, which resulted in the photographic records, reports, publications and exhibitions. Photography was rapidly spreading across Asian Russia and by the end of the 19th century there was a photo studio (or several ones) in almost every Siberian town. Political exiles were often among Siberian photographers, making photography their new profession, business, a way of getting a social status in the local society, and a means of surviving financially as well as intellectually and emotionally. They contributed significantly to the museum’s collections by photographing indigenous people in Siberia and even traveling to Mongolia and China, displaying “types” as a part of anthropological research in Asia and presenting “views” of the Russian empire’s borderlands. The visual representation of Siberia corresponded with general perceptions of an exotic East, populated by “primitive” peoples devoid of civilization, a trope reinforced by numerous photographs and depictions of Siberia as an untamed natural world, later transformed and modernized by the railroads construction.

The ‘Genius of Language’: Transformations of a Concept in the History of Linguistics

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 367-388
Author(s):  
Christiane Schlaps
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dynamic Form ◽  
Text Types ◽  
History Of Linguistics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Static Concept

The so-called ‘genius of language’ may be regarded as one of the most influential, and versatile, metalinguistic metaphors used to describe vernacular languages from the 17th century onwards. Over the centuries, philosophers, grammarians, trans­lators and language critics etc. wrote of the ‘genius of language’ in a wide range of text types and with reference to various linguistic positions so that a set of rather diverse types of the concept was created. This paper traces three prominent stages in the development of the ‘genius of language’ argument and, by identifying some of the most frequent types as they evolved in the context of the various linguistic dis­courses, endeavours to show the major transformations of the concept. While early on, discussion of the stylistic and grammatical type of the ‘genius of language’ concentrates on surface features in the languages considered, during the middle of the 18th century, the ‘genius of language’ is relocated to the semantic, interior part of language. With the 19th-century notion of an organological ‘genius of language’, the former static concept is personified and recast in a dynamic form until, taken to its nationalistic extremes, the ‘genius of language’ argument finally ceases to be of any epistemological and scientific value.

scholarly journals Historical aspects of asepsis and antiseptics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Morozov ◽  
A. N. Sergeev ◽  
S. V. Zhukov ◽  
A. M. Varpetyan ◽  
T. S. Ryzhova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
The Body ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Septic Complications ◽  
Surgical Practice ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Relevance. For many centuries, infectious complications have been one of the most pressing problems of surgical practice. In modern medicine, a wide range of aseptic and antiseptic methods is presented, which, without harm to the body, can destroy pathogenic microorganisms and prevent the development of purulent complications that significantly aggravate the patient's condition and increase the duration of treatment. However, this was not always the case. In the era of the formation of surgery, interventions in a significant majority of cases ended with the development of purulent and septic complications, which inevitably led to death.The purpose of this study was to study the main points that play a key role in the history of the formation of modern asepsis and antiseptics.Material and methods. In the course of the study, an analysis of domestic and foreign literature on the history of the development of aseptics and antiseptics was carried out. When compiling the work, the biographical method of historical research was used. Articles and historical sketches of the period of the described events were also used as materials.Results. The formation of the principles of asepsis and antisepsis is a long historical process in which many of the greatest minds of mankind have been involved. At the same time, like the development of any scientific worldview, the development of asepsis and antiseptics was based on previous knowledge, as well as on knowledge obtained, mainly empirically. From time immemorial, physicians have already had an idea of the antibacterial properties of a number of compounds. The first mentions of attempts to prevent contamination of wounds and their disinfection date back to the time of Hippocrates. In the Middle Ages, for the purpose of disinfecting wounds, cauterization with a red-hot iron and boiling oil was widely used. From the middle of the 18th century, the first antiseptics entered the practice of surgeons. From the middle of the 19th century, a significant contribution to the development of asepsis and antiseptics was made by the Russian surgeon N.I. Pirogov, and his follower N.V. Sklifosovsky. A breakthrough in the development of asepsis and antiseptics in the late 19th – early 20th centuries was the scientific discovery of the French scientist Louis Pasteur, who proved that the processes of fermentation and decay are caused by microorganisms. This discovery formed the basis of J. Lister's antiseptic method. At the end of the 19th century, E. von Bergmann developed the aseptic method. One of the last significant events in the history of antiseptics was A. Fleming antibiotics.Conclusions. Thanks to the work of great scientists and doctors, there are many lifethreatening postoperative complications that claimed the lives of many people, if they did not remain in the past, then their incidence and intensity of manifestations have noticeably decreased, and asepsis and antiseptics have become an integral component of surgical practice.

scholarly journals Herzegovina in the “Turkish Empire”. The Russian Consul A. N. Kudryavtsev about the life of the region in the 1860s

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-75
Author(s):  
Ksenia V. Melchakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Detailed List ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Foreign Ministry ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

The present article dwells upon an unpublished essay about the Ottoman province of Herzegovina in the 19th century. The author of this text is a Russian consul in Mostar Alexei N. Kudryavtsev. The essay was written in 1867 and probably should have been included into the book “The Turkish Empire”. There are several evidences about the existence of this book, however it has not been found yet. Kudryavtsev’s essay embraces a wide range of problems of Herzegovina in the 19th century. It deals with the geography, ethnography and statistics, history of the region, as well as provides a general overview of trade, industry and communication routes in Herzegovina in 1866. The text is stored in the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire and is being published for the first time. Kudryavtsev’s essay tells us about the situation in Herzegovina and its problems. The consul gives a brief description of each area of Herzegovina. The description of trade relations is particularly important. The Consul provides a detailed list of imported and exported goods with an indication of their value. The article might be of interest to researchers focusing on the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina, on the activities of the Russian Foreign Ministry, and on the economic history and ethnography of the Balkan peoples.

Historical Linguistics: Words and Things

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhonda M. Gonzales
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Rich History

Comparative historical linguistics is an approach comprising a set of methods that historians who have training in linguistics employ to reconstruct histories for periods of history for which written documentation is absent or scant. It is suggested that the use of comparative historical linguistics helped to push against the notion that people living in oral societies had to be deemed prehistorical, a category popularized in the 19th century, because it is premised that the rich history of the words comprising their languages hold troves of knowledge that historians can access and use to write narratives. Core steps of comparative historical linguistics are explained so that readers understand how researchers use modern-day spoken languages to work backward in time to reconstruct the histories of words that comprise the material items, ideas, and concepts that mattered to speakers of languages prior to the 21st century. The methods’ benefits are discussed, and their limitations highlighted.

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE LIBRARIES OF THE BUKHARA EMIRATE OF THE LATE XIX –EARLY XX CENTURIES.(on the example of the libraries of Muhammadjan Sadri Zia and Mir Siddiq Hashmat)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 4-13
Author(s):  
Rahbar E. Kholikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Literary Environment

This article provides detailed information about the life of the book lover, writer and historian Muhammad Sharifjon Sadri Ziyo and Sayyid Muhammad Mir SiddikhonHashmat, who lived in Bukhara in the late 19th –early 20th centuries and had a rich library, and the fate of Bukhara. manuscripts in his library.It is also noted that the works of Sadri Ziyo have a wide range of topics, mainly historical and literary, and are one of the valuable sources in the study of the history, scientific and literary environment of the Bukhara Emirate of the second half of the 19th century -the beginning of the 20th centuries.It is noted that his historical works are devoted to the history of Bukhara and the dynasties that ruled it and play a special role in the study of the history of Uzbekistan during this period.Index Terms: Scientific and cultural life, libraries, oriental manuscripts, calligraphy. Literary environment, literary evenings, tazkira, masnavi, gazelle, history of the Bukhara Emirate, manuscripts, works, immigration

scholarly journals Brief Glimpses of Beauty. Thinking about the History of Lithuanian Photography

2021 ◽  
pp. 342-362
Author(s):  
Adam Mazur
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Contemporary Art ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
History Of Photography ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Opening Up

The article proposes a critical rethinking of the multi-layered phenomenon of Lithuanian photography. From the beginning, in the 19th  century Lithuanian photography cherished an exceptional status within a cultural landscape, being considered a vehicle of lofty, patriotic emotions. The article is reassessing the social and cultural role of Lithuanian photo- graphers and is looking into a symptomatic lack of synchronicity with the medium’s grand narratives. The Lithuanian history of photography seems to be a consistent and exceptional narrative developed within a relative- ly small milieu of artists based in their homeland as well as Lithuanian émigrés. According to the author, indexical and documentary qualities of photography constitute the core of the phenomenon. The text is advocating inclusivity for non-Lithuanian authors, be it Polish Lithuanians, Russians, Jews, Germans, or Lithuanian Americans. Looking at photographs from the perspectives of literature (quoting Marcelijus Martinaitis and Tomas Venclova) and contemporary art (Jonas Mekas and Fluxus) may be also useful in reshaping and opening up the discourse of the discipline.

scholarly journals Microhistoire des portraits composites: Le cas Arthur Batut (1846-1918)

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
Antoine Blanchard
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Self ◽  
Visual Anthropology ◽  
Mots Clés ◽  
History Of Photography ◽  
Major Implication ◽  
History Of ◽  
Francis Galton ◽  
The 19Th Century

Résumé: A partir d’une enquête portant sur le cas du photographe francais Arthur Batut (1846-1918) qui s’est emparé de la technique du composite portraiture de Francis Galton, nous révélerons dans un premier temps l’importance considérable du portrait photographique dans la constitution, à la fin du XIXe siècle, d’une nouvelle image de soi particulière correspondant à une identité “physicalisée”. Pour ce faire, nous mettrons à l’épreuve les questions et la méthode de la microstoria. Dans un second temps, nous envisagerons la possibilité que la technique historiographique de la microstoria elle-même ne puisse se penser sans l’emergence d’un “regard photographique”.Mots-clés: Arthur Batut, histoire de la photographie, historiographie, microstoria, portrait, anthropologie visuelle.Abstract: This paper investigates the case of Arthur Batut, a 19th century French photographer from Labruguiere (Tarn), who employed a different perspective to reproduce the technique of the composite portraiture, invented by Francis Galton, the father of “eugenics”. We will first reveal the major implication of photography within the constitution of a new quantified and physicalized image of the self at the end of the 19th century by examining Batut’s photography, notably the microstoria method. Secondly, we will examine the possibility that the historiographical technique of microstoria itself would be implausible without the emergence of a “photographic look”.Key words: Arthur Batut, history of photography, historiography, microstoria, portrait, visual anthropology.

Museum Preserves in the Sphere of “Cultural Tourism”: Through the Example of the Cultural Preserves of Tatarstan

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-198
Author(s):  
Lyudmila S. Timofeeva ◽  
Albina R. Akhmetova ◽  
Liliya R. Galimzyanova ◽  
Roman R. Nizaev ◽  
Svetlana E. Nikitina
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Art Museum ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Business Elite ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Tourist Center ◽  
Regional Authorities ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

Abstract The article studies the existence experience of historical cities as centers of tourism development as in the case of Elabuga. The city of Elabuga is among the historical cities of Russia. The major role in the development of the city as a tourist center is played by the Elabuga State Historical-Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve. The object of the research in the article is Elabuga as a medium-size historical city. The subject of the research is the activity of the museum-reserve which contributes to the preservation and development of the historical look of Elabuga and increases its attractiveness to tourists. The tourism attractiveness of Elabuga is obtained primarily through the presence of the perfectly preserved historical center of the city with the blocks of integral buildings of the 19th century. The Elabuga State Historical-Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve, which emerged in 1989, is currently an object of historical and cultural heritage of federal importance. Museum-reserves with their significant territories and rich historical, cultural and natural heritage have unique resources for the implementation of large partnership projects. Such projects are not only aimed at attracting a wide range of tourists, but also stimulate interest in the reserve from the business elite, municipal and regional authorities. The most famous example is the Spasskaya Fair which revived in 2008 in Elabuga. It was held in the city since the second half of the 19th century, and was widely known throughout Russia. The process of the revival and successful development of the fair can be viewed as the creation of a special tourist event contributing to the formation of new and currently important tourism products.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document