Directriz para el fortalecimiento de los programas nacionales de guías informadas por la evidencia. Una herramienta para la adaptación e implementación de guías en las Américas

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
General Information ◽  
National Guideline ◽  
System Level ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
Toma De Decisiones ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Sociedad Civil ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Adaptation Processes

[Alcance y objetivos]. Este documento tiene como objetivo presentar las estrategias políticas y metodológicas para la creación y el fortalecimiento de los programas nacionales de guías enfocados en los procesos de adaptación de guías informadas por la evidencia en las Américas. La directriz presentada en este documento muestra las consideraciones que se deben tener en cuenta en los programas nacionales de guías con el fin de facilitar su implementación y sostenibilidad, así como las metodologías y herramientas para su elaboración. También se exponen las generalidades de la implementación de las guías con el fin de facilitar a las entidades gubernamentales, los actores del sistema de salud y la sociedad civil el uso de guías informadas en la evidencia dentro de los procesos de toma de decisiones a nivel individual, organizacional y de los sistemas de salud. La directriz busca apoyar la elaboración e implementación de guías brindando un mapa general de los requerimientos, presenta los diferentes recursos y manuales regionales y muestra de forma operativa el proceso metodológico. De forma general, toma elementos de diferentes métodos de adaptación, como Adolopment (Schünemann et al., 2017), y los operativiza con el fin de servir de apoyo a los procesos de adaptación de guías. [Scope and objectives]. The purpose of this document is to present policy-oriented and methodological strategies for developing and/or strengthening national guideline programs, focusing on the adaptation of evidence-informed guidelines in the Americas. The information presented in this document includes considerations to be taken into account in national guideline programs in order to facilitate their implementation and sustainability. It presents methodologies and tools for adapting the guidelines, as well as general information on the implementation of guidelines to help governmental agencies, stakeholders in the health care system, and civil society use evidence-informed guidelines in decision-making processes at the individual, organizational, and health system level. This document seeks to support the development and implementation of guidelines while providing a general map of the requirements. It also presents the different resources and regional manuals that discussing greater detail the methodological process. In general, this document takes elements of different methods of adaptation as “Adolopment” (Schünemann et al., 2017) and operationalize them to support the adaptation processes of guidelines.

The Individual and Administrative Justice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Creutzfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Service Users ◽  
Perceptions Of Fairness ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Individual Justice ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Service ◽  
Administrative Justice

This chapter discusses what individual justice means in the realm of administrative justice. The standards of justice and fairness that apply in administrative decision-making need consideration from the perspective of the service user. Should the administrative justice system serve the citizen or the state? What role do individual service users have in the design, use, and evaluation of more bureaucratic systems of redress? Different notions of justice, as they relate to primary decision-making processes, have been described through various models. This chapter provides a set of tools with which to study the subject and argues for the importance of user voice and perceptions of fairness in the provision of a more citizen-focussed justice.

scholarly journals Affective Effect: Issue Engagement on a Youth E-Participation Platform

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-58
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Lampoltshammer ◽  
Qinfeng Zhu ◽  
Peter Parycek
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Common Type ◽  
System Level ◽  
Appraisal Theory ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Intelligence Theory ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Research Gap

While E-participation promotes citizen participation in democratic decision-making processes, and often takes place through deliberation, citizens are expected to be cool-headed individuals equipped with reason and logic, insulating their actions from the impulse of emotion. However, research in neuroscience and cognitive science has found that emotion plays a vital part in cognitive processing and is instrumental in decision-making. This study thus fills this research gap by examining the effect of emotions in eliciting participation on a youth E-participation platform. Following affective intelligence theory and appraisal theory, the authors specifically examined three types of emotions; namely, anger, anxiety, and sadness. By applying methods in the field of text and statistical analysis, the authors found that anxiety, although the least common type of emotion expressed on the E-participation platform, was associated with an increased level of engagement. On the contrary, anger dominated issue discussion across topics, and sadness prevailed in the discourse on system-level economic issues.

Presidents without Roots: Understanding the Peruvian Paradox

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 25-43
Author(s):  
Alberto Vergara ◽  
Aaron Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Authoritarian Regime ◽  
Democratic Institutions ◽  
Alberto Fujimori ◽  
Toma De Decisiones ◽  
Elected Leaders ◽  
Sociedad Civil

Peru’s posttransition democracy presents a paradox: presidents have remained unpopular despite presiding over a period in which democratic institutions strengthened and the economy grew rapidly. O’Donnell’s work on delegative democracy suggests that the Peruvian paradox results from weak vertical accountability. Since Peru’s return to democracy, parties and civil society have been too weak to hold elected leaders accountable. Furthermore, presidents have faced opposition to reform from entrenched neoliberal technocrats. With no one holding them accountable and little capacity to govern, presidents have chosen to delegate decision-making authority to technocrats. Even when leaders have won office on reformist platforms, continuity has prevailed, and citizens have lost trust in their elected leaders. The origins of the Peruvian paradox and weak vertical accountability can be traced to the destruction of the institutional and organizational foundations of democracy in the 1990s under Alberto Fujimori’s authoritarian regime. La democracia pos-transición en Perú presenta una paradoja: los presidentes siguen siendo impopulares a pesar de presidir un período en el que las instituciones democráticas se fortalecieron y la economía creció rápidamente. El trabajo de O’Donnell sobre la demo-cracia delegativa sugiere que la paradoja peruana resulta de una débil rendición de cuentas vertical. Desde el retorno de Perú a la democracia, los partidos y la sociedad civil han sido demasiado débiles para responsabilizar a los líderes electos. Además, los presidentes han enfrentado la oposición a la reforma de tecnócratas neoliberales atrincherados. Sin que nadie los responsabilice y con poca capacidad para gobernar, los presidentes han optado por delegar la autoridad en la toma de decisiones a los tecnócratas. Incluso cuando los líderes han sido eligidos en plataformas reformistas, la continuidad ha prevalecido y los ciudadanos han perdido la confianza en sus líderes electos. Los orígenes de la paradoja peruana y la débil rendición de cuentas vertical se remonta a la destrucción de los cimientos institucionales y organizativos de la democracia en la década de 1990 bajo el régimen autoritario de Alberto Fujimori.

scholarly journals Generación de conocimiento en las organizaciones apoyada por la Teoría General de Sistemas

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Instructional Design ◽  
Organizational Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Generation ◽  
Design Knowledge ◽  
General Systems Theory ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
General Systems ◽  
Toma De Decisiones ◽  
The Individual

Key words: Instructional design, knowledge generation, General Systems TheoryAbstract. This article pretends to make a linkage between the General Systems Theory and organizational knowledge generation, exposing the advantages of the use of this theory. Researches were used in order to let the reader to form his/her own criteria according the environment that is involved. Isolating the facts, not considering the organization to the decision making process will limit the development of the organizational knowledge, because al last, this knowledge will be losing when the individual are retiring from the organization.What is proposing is that the knowledge remains through a proper application of generation and retaining with constant renovation methods.Palabras Clave: Diseño instruccional, generación de conocimiento, Teoría General de SistemasResumen. Este artículo pretende hacer una vinculación entre la Teoría de General de Sistemas y la generación de conocimiento organizacional, planteando las ventajas de la utilización de esta teoría. Hace uso de investigaciones que permiten que desde varias perspectivas el lector forme un criterio acorde con su entorno. El aislar los hechos, el no integrar a la organización para la toma de decisiones limitaría el desarrollo del conocimiento organizacional, que al final de cuentas, éste se va perdiendo en la medida que los individuos se van retirando. Lo que se plantea es que el conocimiento permanezca a través de unaadecuada generación y retención aplicando métodos de constante renovación.

scholarly journals BOSNIAN MODEL OF DEMOCRATIC AUTHORITY: CONDITION FOR STABILIZATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA?

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
Dženeta Omerdić ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
State Government ◽  
State Level ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Democratic Authority ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Fundamental Rights And Freedoms ◽  
The Individual

The principle of non-discrimination in modern legal systems, both at national and at regional and global levels of government, is the primary prerequisite for the realization of all other (fundamental) rights and freedoms. The essence of this principle, which is, in fact, inextricably linked to the principle of equality in rights, is reflected in the requirement to ensure to all persons, without discrimination on any basis, the realization and enjoyment of the fundamental rights and freedoms that are guaranteed by provisions of the national constitutions, Laws and other legal acts. The functionality of the entire state government of Bosnia and Herzegovina is often hindered by the complex decision-making processes at all state levels which lead to obstruction of the entire decision-making process. Such a disfunctional decision-making process on the state level poses a threat and disables the Bosnian plural society to respond to the modern challenges of a democratic functioning state.The Bosnian model of democratic authority is trying to determine the individual primarily as a citizen, to which they bind certain rights and duties, but without neglecting the fact that citizens enjoy certain rights (and obligations) that belong to them based on their affiliation to a particular collectivity. Bosnian society as a community of citizens and a community of communities should not ignore any of the aforementioned sides of human nature.

The Influence of Managerial Orientation in Decision-Making Processes

ACCRUALS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Rusdianto Rusdianto
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Stakeholder Theory ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Allocation Process ◽  
Resources Distribution ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Resource Allocation Process

This research aims to examine managerial preferences in the resource allocation process. This research used an experimental method to test whether resource availability, stakeholder claims, and managers’ affiliations to stockholders can influence the decision-making process of resource allocation. The results show that resource availability, stakeholder claims, and managers’ affiliation could influence the resource allocation process. The results of the research contribute to several things. The first is to show that stakeholder theory can test managerial preferences at the individual level. Secondly, the resources distribution is influenced by behavioral factors associated with normative stakeholder theory.

536 NEGOTIATING INDIVIDUALLY TAILORED URGENT CARE PLANS FOR OLDER PEOPLE IN AMBULATORY EMERGENCY CARE

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. ii1-ii4
Author(s):  
S Mckelvie
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Emergency Care ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Urgent Care ◽  
Next Of Kin ◽  
Care Plans ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Introduction Ambulatory emergency care (AEC) provides hospital-equivalent medical care in out-of-hospital settings for acutely unwell complex older patients. This ethnography aimed to understand the cognitive work of the senior clinicians in the AEC environment. Methods Three AEC sites were purposively sampled to recruit twelve clinicians with backgrounds in Geriatrics, General Practice, Emergency and Acute Medicine. This qualitative investigation used focused ethnography within a case study approach to understand the decision-making processes in the context of the AEC environment. Participant-observation during an AEC shift was complemented by informant interviews. A framework approach to thematic analysis used a priori and data derived codes to develop explanatory themes. Ethnographic principles of constant comparison and cognitive task analysis were used to evaluate the clinicians’ decision-making processes for index patient cases. Results This ethnographic case study showed that AEC clinicians tailored their management plans to the individual patient based on their clinical assessment and needs, using creative problem solving and reflexivity. The AEC clinicians personalised their interventions based on the patient assessment, the patients’ wishes and disease severity. The individual tailoring of the AEC plan was negotiated with the patient, their next-of-kin and the multidisciplinary team (MDT). The discussions with patient and families allowed discussion of the differing priorities and facilitated compromise. AEC plans were also negotiated with the MDT to build a shared understanding of the patients’ needs. The MDT also provided cognitive and emotional support by challenging and validating the senior decision-makers clinical plans. Conclusion This tailored approach allowed the flexible delivery of AEC to meet the patients’ needs. It is hoped that by characterising the work of AEC clinician that this study will aid the development of medical training curricula, interdisciplinary working and health service design. Further research is needed on team-based decision-making for individually tailored care in urgent care settings.

scholarly journals Modelo circumplejo del afecto aplicado al control de sistemas dinámicos

Respuestas ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-15
Author(s):  
José Danilo Rairán-Antolines
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Dynamic Systems ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Circumplex Model ◽  
Human Emotion ◽  
Toma De Decisiones ◽  
Decision Making Processes

En este artículo se propone la construcción de una estrategia de control de sistemas dinámicos nueva, basada en las emociones humanas. Se quiere emular las emociones porque psicólogos y neurocientíficos han demostrado que son indispensables en el proceso de toma de decisiones, y esta es la tarea de todo controlador. Se exponen cuatro campos de aplicación para esta invención, en los cuales la autonomía y la adaptación son esenciales. Además, ocho modelos computacionales de las emociones son referenciados, dado que involucran la cognición; se concluye que es necesario hacer ajustes para incluir uno de ellos en una estrategia de control. Por esto se formula, como aporte del artículo, el uso del modelo circumplejo del afecto; este etiqueta a la combinación de dos variables como una emoción humana.Palabras Clave:Modelos de las emociones humanas, los procesos de decisión, Circumplejo modelo de afecto, control autónomo. AbstractIn this paper we propose the design of a new control strategy for dynamic systems based on human emotions. Since psychologists and neuroscientists have demonstrated that emotions are indispensable in the Decision-Making-Process, and decision-making is the work of every controller, it is our desire to emulate emotions in the systems design. Here we deal with four areas of application for this invention in which autonomy and adaptability are essential. As well, eight emotion computational models are referenced. Given that these involve cognition, it is concluded as necessary to make adjustments to include one of these in a control strategy. For this reason, this article formulates the use of the Circumplex Model of Affect, a model which labels a human emotion as a variable. Keywords: Human Emotion Models, Decision-Making Processes, Circumplex Model of Affect, Autonomous Control. 

scholarly journals Does School/Site Based Management (SBM) in Japan Achieve its Policy Purposes? A Policy Analysis of Japanese Education Reform RegardingSchool Advisors and School Management Councils

2006 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Hirata
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Education Reform ◽  
School Management ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
School Level ◽  
School Site ◽  
Site Based Management ◽  
Individual School ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Individual

The purpose of this paper is to analyze decentralized education reform in Japan in terms of School/Site-Based Management (SBM). In the literature, SBM embraces two major elements, namely, the devolution of decision-making authority to the individual school level and Shared Decision-Making (SDM). In Japan, school advisors and school management councils have been established with similar purposes with SBM since 2000. However, because the decision-making authority is not sufficiently devolved to each school and many groups of stakeholders are not significantly involved in decision-making processes, a SBM form of school governance has not been realized in Japan. Cet article a pour but d’analyser la réforme de décentralisation de l’éducation au Japon en termes de l’Administration basée sur l’école ou le site (SBM). Dans la littérature, la SBM se comprend de deux éléments: la dévolution au niveau de chaque école les droits d'exécuter des décisions et la politique des décisions partagées (SDM). Au Japon, les postes de conseillers et les conseils d’administration ont été établis depuis l’an 2000. Et pourtant, parce que les instances ne sont pas assez engagées dans le processus décisionnel, une forme de gouvernance des écoles selon la SBM n’a pas pu se réaliser au Japon.

scholarly journals Da educação ambiental à transformação social: reflexões sobre a interdisciplinaridade como estratégia desse processo

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-172
Author(s):  
Derli Barbosa Dos Santos ◽  
Cinthia Raquel De Souza ◽  
Leandro Marcio Moreira
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Attitudinal Change ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Education Professionals ◽  
Ecological Concepts ◽  
Toma De Decisiones ◽  
The Individual

A educação ambiental (EA) surgiu num contexto de mudanças sociais evidenciadas por volta de 1960. A princípio, a EA favorecia apenas o aprendizado de conceitos ecológicos. Mais tarde, em decorrência de uma redução da disponibilidade de recursos naturais, o foco da EA passou a se estabelecer no contexto cidadão e democrático. O objetivo da EA passou a ser o de transformar o indivíduo, estabelecendo um criticismo junto aos problemas socioambientais permitindo assim a tomada de decisões na promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável. Desde então, a EA tem sido vista como um caminho para mudanças atitudinais. Neste contexto, a interdisciplinaridade como uma estratégia de diálogo entre saberes passou a ser essencial nos trabalhos visando a EA. O propósito desse trabalho é apresentar contextualizações e reflexões sobre o surgimento e a importância da EA, atualmente caracterizada como um importante fator de transformações sociais, exigindo que profissionais da educação trabalhem esta temática numa perspectiva interdisciplinar. Environmental education (EE) emerged in a context of social changes evidenced around 1960. At first, EE favored only the learning of ecological concepts. Later, as a result of a reduction in the availability of natural resources, the focus of EE started to be established in the citizen and democratic context. EE's goal has been to transform the individual, establishing a criticism with the socio-environmental problems, thus allowing decision-making in the promotion of sustainable development. Since then, EE has been seen as a path to attitudinal change. In this context, interdisciplinarity as a strategy of dialogue between knowledge has become essential in the works aimed at EE. The purpose of this work is to present contextualization and reflections about the emergence and importance of EE, currently characterized as an important factor of social transformations, requiring education professionals to work this subject in an interdisciplinary perspective. La educación ambiental (EA) surgió en un contexto de cambios sociales evidenciados alrededor de 1960. Al principio, la EA sólo favoreció el aprendizaje de conceptos ecológicos. Más tarde, como consecuencia de una reducción de la disponibilidad de recursos naturales, el foco de EA pasó a establecerse en el contexto ciudadano y democrático. El objetivo de EA pasó a ser el de transformar al individuo, estableciendo un criticismo junto a los problemas socioambientales permitiendo así la toma de decisiones en la promoción del desarrollo sostenible. Desde entonces, EA ha sido vista como un camino para cambios actitudes. En este contexto, la interdisciplinariedad como una estrategia de diálogo entre saberes pasó a ser esencial en los trabajos hacia la EA. El propósito de este trabajo es presentar contextualizaciones y reflexiones sobre el surgimiento y la importancia de la EA, actualmente caracterizada como un importante factor de transformaciones sociales, exigiendo que profesionales de la educación trabajen esta temática desde una perspectiva interdisciplinaria.

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