scholarly journals LOSSES INCURRED IN SOYBEAN DEPENDING ON THE WATER CONTENT AT GRAINS HARVEST

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Fernando Shintate Galindo ◽  
João Luis Zocoler ◽  
Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho ◽  
Salatiér Buzetti ◽  
José Mateus Kondo Santini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Final Population ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Natural Drying ◽  
The Ideal

The objective of this work was to study the ideal water content at grains at harvest of soybean crop, yield and production components as well as losses from natural drying in the field at different water contents at grains harvest. The experimental design was of randomized blocks with 4 repetitions and the treatments consisted in the harvest of the following average levels of water contents of grains on a wet basis: 37.9 (point of full physiological maturity), 20.2, 18.7, 15.6, 14.4, and 13.1%. The final population of plants, 100-kernel weight and potential yield of grains linearly decreased with the reduction of grain moisture content at harvest, however, the anticipation of the soybean harvest causes higher losses, with ideal harvesting point close to 13% moisture (W.B.).

scholarly journals LOSSES IN WHEAT CROP AS A FUNCTION OF THE WATER CONTENT OF THE GRAINS AT HARVEST

2018 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
Fernando Shintate Galindo ◽  
João Luis Zocoler ◽  
Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho ◽  
Salatiér Buzetti ◽  
José Mateus Kondo Santini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Mass Number ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Spike Number ◽  
Harvest Moisture ◽  
Natural Drying

The objective was to study the harvest point for the wheat crop, associated maximum grain yield and productive components with different harvest moisture and losses on natural drying in the field with different water levels in grain. The treatments consisted of the following crop moisture levels (on wet basis) of the grains: 27.9 (point of full physiological maturity), 22.6; 19.9; 18.1; 15; and 12.9%, evaluating the number of spikelets per spike, number of voids grains, number of grains per spike and per spikelet, percentage of lodging, thousand grain mass, number of ears per meter, hectoliter mass, and yield. The largest wheat yield was obtained with the grain harvest at physiological maturity point, decreasing linearly until natural drying to 13% (on a wet basis).

scholarly journals Physiological ripening of Anadenanthera colubrina (Vellozo) Brenan seeds

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Affonso Fonseca Pires Neto ◽  
Victória Campos Monteiro Pires ◽  
Cristiano Bueno Moraes ◽  
Lucicleia Mendes de Oliveira ◽  
Augustus Caeser Franke Portella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Maximum Dimension ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract: The seed physiological maturity knowledgment is critical determine its maximum production and physiological quality. The objective of this study was to determine the ideal time to harvest by evaluating seeds physiological maturity. Seventeen weekly harvests of fruits and seeds from matrices located in the Brazilian city of Botucatu, SP, were performed from May to September 2001. Fruits size and weight, seed water content and dry matter, and germination and emission of primary root were evaluated. Seeds showed maximum dimension in the thirteenth week of collection, while the highest fruit weight was obtained in the twelfth week of collection. Water content decreased over time. Seeds dry matter showed its highest value in the sixteenth week harvest, while germination percentage showed its highest value between the fourteenth and fifteenth week harvest. The percentage of primary root emission was observed with maximum value in the tenth week harvest. Based on the results, it is concluded that the best Anadenanthera colubrina harvest season occurs between the fourteenth and fifteenth weeks.

scholarly journals Kernel Water Relations and Kernel Filling Traits in Maize (Zea mays L.) Are Influenced by Water-Deficit Condition in a Tropical Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Robiul Alam ◽  
Sutkhet Nakasathien ◽  
Md. Samim Hossain Molla ◽  
Md. Ariful Islam ◽  
Md. Maniruzzaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
Cell Membrane Stability ◽  
Tropical Environments

Water deficit is a major limiting condition for adaptation of maize in tropical environments. The aims of the current observations were to evaluate the kernel water relations for determining kernel developmental progress, rate, and duration of kernel filling, stem reserve mobilization in maize. In addition, canopy temperature, cell membrane stability, and anatomical adaptation under prolonged periods of pre- and post-anthesis water deficit in different hybrids was quantified to support observations related to kernel filling dynamics. In this context, two field experiments in two consecutive years were conducted with five levels of water regimes: control (D1), and four water deficit treatments [V10 to V13 (D2); V13 to V17 (D3); V17 to blister stage (D4); blisters to physiological maturity (D5)], on three maize hybrids (Pioneer 30B80, NK 40, and Suwan 4452) in Expt. 1. Expt. 2 had four water regimes: control (D1), three water deficit treatments [V10 to anthesis (D2); anthesis to milk stage (D3); milk to physiological maturity (D4)], and two maize hybrids (NK 40 and Suwan 4452). Water deficit imposed at different stages significantly reduced maximum kernel water content (MKWC), kernel filling duration (KFD), final kernel weight (FKW), and kernel weight ear–1 while it increased kernel water loss rate (KWLR), kernel filling rate (KFR), and stem weight depletion (SWD) across maize hybrids in both experiments. The lowest MKWC under water deficit was at D3 in both experiments, indicating that lower KFR results in lowest FKW in maize. Findings indicate that the MKWC (R2 = 0.85 and 0.41) and KFR (R2 = 0.62 and 0.37) were positively related to FKW in Expt. 1 and 2, respectively. The KFD was reduced by 5, 7, 7, and 11 days under water deficit at D3, D4 in Expt. 2 and D4, D5 in Expt. 1 as compared to control, respectively. Water deficit at D5 in Expt. 1 and D4 in Expt. 2 increased KWLR, KFR, and SWD. In Expt. 2, lower canopy temperature and electrical conductivity indicated cell membrane stability across water regimes in NK 40. Hybrid NK 40 under water deficit had significantly higher cellular adaptation by increasing the number of xylem vessel while reducing vessel diameter in leaf mid-rib and attached leaf blade. These physiological adjustments improved efficient transport of water from root to the shoot, which in addition to higher kernel water content, MKWC, KFD, KFR, and stem reserve mobilization capacity, rendered NK 40 to be better adapted to water-deficit conditions under tropical environments.

Changes in the water content of maize varieties after physiological maturity

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hadi ◽  
S. Kása ◽  
F. Rácz
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Random Variation

Changes in the water content of 22 maize varieties were investigated during the period between physiological maturity and harvesting. It was found that neither the grain moisture, the cob moisture, the moisture content of the internode below the ear nor the thousand-kernel mass changed to a statistically significant extent. No significant water uptake or drying in excess of random variation, sufficient to influence the choice of harvesting date, could be detected during the test period.Nevertheless, considerable differences were recorded between the varieties for the moisture contents in the cob and in the internode below the ear. These could be of economic importance in choosing varieties and harvesting dates. The differences between the varieties can be attributed to the diverse genetic backgrounds, suggesting that breeding could lead to the development of maize varieties with low grain moisture at harvest.

Yield performance with heritability measurements of half sib families obtained from maize variety Azam

1970 ◽  
pp. 33-36
Author(s):  
Faizan Mahmood, Hidayat- Ur-Rahman, Nazir Ahmad ◽  
Fahim-ul- Haq ◽  
Samrin Gul, Quaid Hussain ◽  
Ammara Khalid ◽  
Touheed Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Heritability Estimate ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Yield Performance ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Maize Variety ◽  
Ear Height ◽  
Sib Families

This study evaluated the performance of 64 half sib families (HSF) derived from “Azam” variety of maize using partially balanced lattice square design with two replications. Data were recorded on grain yield and other agronomic traits. Observations showed difference in half-sib families for studied traits. Among the 64 half-sib families, minimum days to 50% tasseling (51 days) were observed for HS-49 while maximum (57 days) for HS-63. Minimum days to 50% silking (56 days) were counted for HS-6 while maximum (63 days) for HS-23. Minimum days to 50% anthesis (55 days) were counted for HS-1 and HS-6 while maximum (62 days) for HS-23. Similarly, minimum ASI (-2 days) were observed in HS-1, HS-15, HS-16, HS-28 and HS-63 while maximum (2 days) in HS-48. Minimum (60 cm) ear height was recorded for HS-11 and maximum (93.5 cm) for HS-28. Minimum fresh ear weight (1.3 kg) was weighted for HS-17 while maximum (3.2 kg) for HS-21. Grain moisture was recorded minimum (19.35 %) for HS-19 and maximum (31.25%) for HS-2. HS-42 showed minimum (28 g) 100 kernel weight while HS-5 showed maximum (47 g). Grain yield was minimum (2323 kg ha-1) for HS-17 and maximum (5742 kg ha-1) for HS-21. Maximum heritability estimate (0.92) was recorded for fresh ear weight, while minimum (0.41) was observed for ear height.

MITIGATION YIELD SCALED METHANE EMISSION FROM RICE GROWN IN WATER STRESS CONDITIONS WITH BIOCHAR AND SILICATE AMENDMENTS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD ASLAM ALI ◽  
SANJIT CHANDRA BARMAN ◽  
MD. ASHRAFUL ISLAM KHAN ◽  
MD. BADIUZZAMAN KHAN ◽  
HAFSA JAHAN HIYA
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Saturated Soil ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Standing Water ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents

Climate change and water scarcity may badly affect existing rice production system in Bangladesh. With a view to sustain rice productivity and mitigate yield scaled CH4 emission in the changing climatic conditions, a pot experiment was conducted under different soil water contents, biochar and silicate amendments with inorganic fertilization (NPKS). In this regard, 12 treatments combinations of biochar, silicate and NPKS fertilizer along with continuous standing water (CSW), soil saturation water content and field capacity (100% and 50%) moisture levels were arranged into rice planted potted soils. Gas samples were collected from rice planted pots through Closed Chamber technique and analyzed by Gas Chromatograph. This study revealed that seasonal CH4 emissions were suppressed through integrated biochar and silicate amendments with NPKS fertilizer (50–75% of the recommended doze), while increased rice yield significantly at different soil water contents. Biochar and silicate amendments with NPKS fertilizer (50% of the recommended doze) increased rice grain yield by 10.9%, 18.1%, 13.0% and 14.2%, while decreased seasonal CH4 emissions by 22.8%, 20.9%, 23.3% and 24.3% at continuous standing water level (CSW) (T9), at saturated soil water content (T10), at 100% field capacity soil water content (T11) and at 50% field capacity soil water content (T12), respectively. Soil porosity, soil redox status, SOC and free iron oxide contents were improved with biochar and silicate amendments. Furthermore, rice root oxidation activity (ROA) was found more dominant in water stress condition compared to flooded and saturated soil water contents, which ultimately reduced seasonal CH4 emissions as well as yield scaled CH4 emission. Conclusively, soil amendments with biochar and silicate fertilizer may be a rational practice to reduce the demand for inorganic fertilization and mitigate CH4 emissions during rice cultivation under water stress drought conditions.

Stability Analysis of Agronomic Traits for Maize (Zea Mays L.) Genotypes Based on Ammi Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-350
Author(s):  
Meijin Ye ◽  
Zhaoyang Chen ◽  
Bingbing Liu ◽  
Haiwang Yue
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Genotype By Environment Interaction ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Genotype By Environment ◽  
Ammi Model ◽  
The Ideal

Stability and adaptability of promising maize hybrids in terms of three agronomic traits (grain yield, ear weight and 100-kernel weight) in multi-environments trials were evaluated. The analysis of AMMI model indicated that the all three agronomic traits showed highly significant differences (p < 0.01) on genotype, environment and genotype by environment interaction. Results showed that genotypes Hengyu321 (G9), Yufeng303 (G10) and Huanong138 (G3) were of higher stability on grain yield, ear weight and 100-kernel weight, respectively. Genotypes Hengyu1587 (G8) and Hengyu321 (G9) showed good performance in terms of grain yield, whereas Longping208 (G2) and Weike966 (G12) showed broad adaptability for ear weight. It was also found that the genotypes with better adaptability in terms of 100-kernel weight were Zhengdan958 (G5) and Weike966 (G12). The genotype and environment interaction model based on AMMI analysis indicated that Hengyu1587 and Hengyu321 were the ideal genotypes, due to extensive adaptability and high grain yield under both testing sites. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(2): 343-350, 2021 (June)

scholarly journals Effect of Nano-Carbon on Water Holding Capacity in a Sandy Soil of the Loess Plateau

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beibei Zhou ◽  
Xiaopeng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Soil Mixture ◽  
Cumulative Infiltration ◽  
Nano Carbon ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents

The poor water retention capacity of sandy soils commonly aggregate soil erosion and ecological environment on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Due to its strong capacity for absorption and large specific surface area, the use of nanocarbon made of coconut shell as a soil amendment that could improve water retention was investigated. Soil column experiments were conducted in which a layer of nanocarbon mixed well with the soil was formed at a depth of 20 cm below the soil surface. Four different nanocarbon contents by weight (0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%) and five thicknesses of the nanocarbon- soil mixture layer ranging from 1 to 5 cm were considered. Cumulative infiltration and soil water content distributions were determined when water was added to soil columns. Soil Water Characteristic Curves (SWCC) were obtained using the centrifuge method. The principal results showed that the infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration increased with the increases of nanocarbon contents, to the thicknesses of the nano carbon-soil mixture layer. Soil water contents that below the soil-nano carbon layer decreased sharply. Both the Brooks-Corey and van Genuchten models could describe well the SWCC of the disturbed sandy soil with various nano carbon contents. Both the saturated water content (θs), residual water content (θr) and empirical parameter (α) increased with increasing nano carbon content, while the pore-size distribution parameter (n) decreased. The available soil water contents were efficiently increased with the increase in nanocarbon contents.

scholarly journals Synchrotron FTIR imaging of OH in quartz mylonites

Solid Earth ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 1025-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas K. Kronenberg ◽  
Hasnor F. B. Hasnan ◽  
Caleb W. Holyoke III ◽  
Richard D. Law ◽  
Zhenxian Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Point Defects ◽  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Hanging Wall ◽  
Molecular Water ◽  
Main Central Thrust ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Uniform Equilibrium ◽  
Quartz Grains ◽  
Water Contents

Abstract. Previous measurements of water in deformed quartzites using conventional Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) instruments have shown that water contents of larger grains vary from one grain to another. However, the non-equilibrium variations in water content between neighboring grains and within quartz grains cannot be interrogated further without greater measurement resolution, nor can water contents be measured in finely recrystallized grains without including absorption bands due to fluid inclusions, films, and secondary minerals at grain boundaries.Synchrotron infrared (IR) radiation coupled to a FTIR spectrometer has allowed us to distinguish and measure OH bands due to fluid inclusions, hydrogen point defects, and secondary hydrous mineral inclusions through an aperture of 10 µm for specimens > 40 µm thick. Doubly polished infrared (IR) plates can be prepared with thicknesses down to 4–8 µm, but measurement of small OH bands is currently limited by strong interference fringes for samples < 25 µm thick, precluding measurements of water within individual, finely recrystallized grains. By translating specimens under the 10 µm IR beam by steps of 10 to 50 µm, using a software-controlled x − y stage, spectra have been collected over specimen areas of nearly 4.5 mm2. This technique allowed us to separate and quantify broad OH bands due to fluid inclusions in quartz and OH bands due to micas and map their distributions in quartzites from the Moine Thrust (Scotland) and Main Central Thrust (Himalayas).Mylonitic quartzites deformed under greenschist facies conditions in the footwall to the Moine Thrust (MT) exhibit a large and variable 3400 cm−1 OH absorption band due to molecular water, and maps of water content corresponding to fluid inclusions show that inclusion densities correlate with deformation and recrystallization microstructures. Quartz grains of mylonitic orthogneisses and paragneisses deformed under amphibolite conditions in the hanging wall to the Main Central Thrust (MCT) exhibit smaller broad OH bands, and spectra are dominated by sharp bands at 3595 to 3379 cm−1 due to hydrogen point defects that appear to have uniform, equilibrium concentrations in the driest samples. The broad OH band at 3400 cm−1 in these rocks is much less common. The variable water concentrations of MT quartzites and lack of detectable water in highly sheared MCT mylonites challenge our understanding of quartz rheology. However, where water absorption bands can be detected and compared with deformation microstructures, OH concentration maps provide information on the histories of deformation and recovery, evidence for the introduction and loss of fluid inclusions, and water weakening processes.

Effects of differential drying rates on viability retention of recalcitrant seeds of Ekebergia capensis

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. W. Pammenter ◽  
Valerie Greggains ◽  
J. I. Kioko ◽  
J. Wesley-Smith ◽  
Patricia Berjak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Exponential Function ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Drying Rate ◽  
Recalcitrant Seeds ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Viability Loss ◽  
Drying Rates ◽  
Water Contents

AbstractThe drying rate of whole seeds of Ekebergia capensis (Meliaceae) was shown to influence the response to desiccation, with rapidly dried seeds surviving to lower water contents. Short-term rapid drying (to water contents higher than those leading to viability loss) actually increased the rate of germination. The form of the time course of decline of axis water content varied with drying rate; slow drying could be described by an exponential function, whereas with rapid drying initial water loss was faster than predicted by an exponential function. These observations suggest that slow drying brought about homogeneous dehydration and that the rapid drying was uneven across the tissue. This raised the possibility that the different responses to dehydration were a function of different distributions of water in the axis tissue under the two drying regimes. However, ultrastructural observations indicated that different deleterious processes may be occurring under the different drying treatments. It was tentatively concluded that a major cause of viability loss in slowly dried material was likely to be a consequence of aqueous-based processes leading to considerable membrane degradation. Uneven distribution of tissue water could not be rejected as a contributory cause of the survival of rapidly dried seeds to low bulk water contents. The differential response to dehydration at different drying rates implies that it is not possible to determine a ‘critical water content’ for viability loss by recalcitrant seeds.

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