How Large Are Firing Costs? A Cross-Country Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-328
Author(s):  
Dennis Wesselbaum
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Optimality Conditions ◽  
Time Variation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Firing Costs ◽  
Form Equation ◽  
Country Study ◽  
Search And Matching Model ◽  
Cross Country

This paper provides evidence for the size and the cyclicality of firing costs for the United States and Germany. In contrast to the existing literature, we use the optimality conditions obtained in a search and matching model to find a reduced form equation for firing costs. We find that our estimates are slightly larger compared with other studies and document sizable time-variation in firing costs.

Explaining Gendered Patterns of Cabinet Formation

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Claire Annesley ◽  
Karen Beckwith ◽  
Susan Franceschet
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Time Variation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Concrete Floor ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Gendered Patterns

Chapter 1 introduces the three research questions guiding the book and outlines the patterns of timing, magnitude, and persistence of women’s cabinet inclusion in Australia, Canada, Chile, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It identifies the year of appointment of the first woman to cabinet; the year of the last all-male cabinet; and addresses the questions of cross-country and cross-time variation in numbers of women in cabinet. The chapter identifies formal and informal rules as forces shaping women’s opportunities for cabinet appointment, and introduces the concept of the “concrete floor,” the minimum proportion or number of women for the cabinet team to be perceived as legitimate.

A Cross-Country Comparison of Virtual Discussion Board Use in United States and Costa Rican Education Settings

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kari Hodge ◽  
Terrill F. Saxon ◽  
Jason Trumble
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
The United States ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Rural Landscape ◽  
Discussion Board ◽  
Discussion Boards ◽  
Educational Setting ◽  
Educational Settings ◽  
Cross Country

The purpose of the current study was to compare the use of virtual discussion boards in various educational settings in the United States and Costa Rica. Participants included professors of education, in-service and pre-service teachers in the United States and Costa Rica where a survey was used that included demographic, knowledge, attitude, and behavioral questions regarding the use of virtual discussion boards. Results indicated that sixty-two percent of the participants used discussion boards in an educational setting. Instructors reported creating discussion board prompts that were constructivist in nature, and responses were frequently assessed for reflection, application, or collaboration. Findings show implications for educators in Costa Rica the United States due to the extensive rural landscape that perpetuates a need for alternative forms of communication and distance learning as well as to provide a comparison to how this technology is used in United States educational settings.

Pay-for-performance – Does one size fit all? A multi-country study of Europe and the United States

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1179-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Hüttenbrink ◽  
Jana Oehmichen ◽  
Marc Steffen Rapp ◽  
Michael Wolff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pay For Performance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Country Study

scholarly journals Revisiting the Global Decline of the (Non-housing) Labor Share

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-338
Author(s):  
Germán Gutiérrez ◽  
Sophie Piton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Corporate Sector ◽  
Labor Share ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
Cross Country

We show that cross-country comparisons of corporate labor shares are affected by differences in the delineation of corporate sectors. While the United States excludes all self-employed and most dwellings from the corporate sector, other countries include large amounts of both—biasing labor shares downward. We propose two methods to control for these differences and obtain “harmonized ” non-housing labor share series. Contrary to common wisdom, the harmonized series remain stable or increase in all major advanced economies except the United States and Canada. These new facts cast doubts on most technological explanations for the decline of the labor share. (JEL E25, E26, J23, O11, O15, P23, P36)

Cross-Cutting Themes in Major Article IV Consultations

Policy Papers ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 09 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Euro Area ◽  
Capital Flows ◽  
World Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
Cross Country

This paper is part of a broader on-going effort to bring a more cross-country perspective to bilateral surveillance, taking advantage of a cluster of Article IV consultations with five systemically important economies concluded in July. With the five economies—the United States, the Euro area, China, Japan, and the United Kingdom—accounting for two-thirds of global output and three quarters of capital flows, the nature of linkages and consistency of policy responses across the systemic five (S5) has important implications for the world economy.

Have Taxes Led Government Expenditures? The United States as a Test Case

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
George M. Von Furstenberg ◽  
R. Jeffery Green ◽  
Jin-Ho Jeong
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Full Information Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Endogenous Variables ◽  
Causality Tests ◽  
Past Data

ABSTRACTThis paper explores intertemporal relations between innovations in government receipts and expenditures, by type and in total, at federal and state-local levels in the United States over the period 1955–82. A structural model is specified with tax and spending components as endogenous variables. After estimation with full information maximum likelihood techniques, residuals derived from the reduced form equations are used in causality tests. These tests show that where there is an indication of causality, spending tends to lead taxes. The lesson learned from past data thus appears to be that changing aggregate tax rates does not cause spending to change. Tax initiatives provide little leverage if changes in the growth of government are intended.

scholarly journals Cross-Country Differences in Intergenerational Earnings Mobility

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Solon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Studies ◽  
The Third ◽  
Income Status ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Cross Country

International studies of the extent to which economic status is passed from one generation to the next are important for at least two reasons. First, each study of a particular country characterizes an important feature of that country's income inequality. Second, comparisons of intergenerational mobility across countries may yield valuable clues about how income status is transmitted across generations and why the strength of that intergenerational transmission varies across countries. The first section of this paper explains a benchmark measure of intergenerational mobility commonly used in U.S. studies. The second section summarizes comparable empirical findings that have accumulated so far for countries other than the United States. The third section sketches a theoretical framework for interpreting cross-country differences in intergenerational mobility.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document