Auf dem Weg zum Subsumtionsautomaten?

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-89
Author(s):  
Marc Mölders
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Sociological Knowledge ◽  
Soziale Probleme ◽  
Critical Observation ◽  
The 19Th Century

Algorithmen werden in Gerichten eingesetzt, z. B. zur Rückfälligkeitsvorhersage. Dies ruft Assoziationen zum Subsumtionsautomaten des 19. Jahrhunderts hervor und fügt sich nahtlos in die Kritik des Solutionismus ein, soziale Probleme würden zunehmend technisch gelöst. Die Untersuchung von zwei vielfach verwendeten und diskutierten Beispielen (COMPAS, PSA) zeigt allerdings, dass an entscheidenden Stellen gerade nicht auf Technik gesetzt wird. Um den Algorithmus fair zu gestalten, werden nicht technische Schnittstellen, sondern Beteiligungsformate gefordert. Nicht nur hierfür, sondern an vielen Stellen der Entwicklung von Algorithmen im Recht wird auf soziologisches Wissen zurückgegriffen. Entgegen der Kritik, Soziologie müsse praxisrelevanter werden, lässt sich hieran zeigen, dass in der Praxis Soziologie längst eingesetzt wird, allerdings nicht als kritische Beobachterin. Algorithms have entered courts, e. g. via scores assessing recidivism. The 19th century topos “subsumtion automat” as well as the recent notion of solutionism seem to coincide in warning of social problems getting increasingly fixed technologically. Analyzing two of the most prominent examples for legal algorithms (COMPAS, PSA) shows that crucial problems are not (only) tackled by technical means. To design a fair algorithm, for instance, stakeholder procedures should precede technical tweaks. Diffusion of these algorithms is triggered with the help of sociological knowledge. Against lines of criticism calling for a more applicable sociology, such developments rather show that practice makes use of sociology long since, yet not in terms of critical observation.

Who responds to whom and for what? A grounded theory analysis of social responsibility in the 1857 Frankfurt Bienfaisance Congress

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Good ◽  
Bryan W. Husted ◽  
Itzel Palomares-Aguirre ◽  
Consuelo Garcia-de-la-torre
Keyword(s):  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Theoretical Interpretation ◽  
Theory Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Nested System

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine and interpret the characteristics of social responsibility in general, and business responsibility in particular, that were evident during a period in European history that was plagued by widespread social problems and change. Based on that interpretation, the authors explore the lessons those characteristics may have for social responsibility in a contemporary world that is facing similar conditions. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents a qualitative analysis of the proceedings of the Bienfaisance Congress held in Frankfurt in 1857, where societal leaders from different nations met to answer the question, who has responsibility for whom, and for what? The authors use grounded theory, as it is operationalized in what is known as the “Gioia template,” to conduct a structured analysis of this particular text, and to in turn produce a theoretical interpretation of how that question was answered. Findings The interpretation from this study is that congress participants articulated certain established dimensions of responsibility (individual, organizational, national), as well as one new dimension (international), and did so by differentiating boundaries of responsibility; in turn, the authors suggest that these dimensions and boundaries work together to form a nested system of responsibilities. Research limitations/implications There is limited empirical evidence available that documents the variety of responsibility-based initiatives that were being conducted during the 19th century. An analysis of the congress proceedings allows us to gain a better understanding of how the 19th-century world, particularly the upper echelons of European society, approached the question of under what conditions actors in different domains have responsibility for another. While the implications are limited by the analysis of the proceedings of one congress that was attended by elites, they do provide a snapshot of how Europe sought to articulate a system of bounded responsibilities during a time of widespread social problems and change. Practical implications Although the nested system of responsibilities framework that emerged from the grounded theory analysis is not applicable to all situations, it should sensitize policymakers and business leaders to the need to address social problems in a systemic way. Originality/value The authors both present a systems-based framework for understanding how responsibility is differentiated among actors (individual, organizational, state and international) and demonstrate how a theoretical interpretation of historical documents can be accomplished through the use of grounded theory, as operationalized through the Gioia template.

scholarly journals Die Mediatisierung des Selbst: Zu den sozialen Folgen technischer Bilder

2018 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-21
Author(s):  
York Kautt
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
The 19Th Century

The images and pictorial practices referred to as ›selfie‹ are symptoms among others that illustrate the relevance of image-based forms of self-expression in contemporary society. The article discusses the question of which social and media conditions bring about the need for pictorial face-work for individuals. Particular attention is paid to the reconstruction of social problems that arise with photography as a technical medium in the 19th century, as well as to the specific solutions in the field of self-styling that address these problems. It turns out that the outlined relationships are still of great importance, since self-stylizations, even in the context of computerized communication, essentially is based on photography as a medium of representation.

Grammatical Descriptions in Manchu Grammar Books from the Qing Dynasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Takashi Takekoshi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.

Immigrant Arab Women in Chile during the Renaissance (Nahda), 1910s-1920s

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Sarah Limorté
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
New World ◽  
Arab Women ◽  
Arab Woman ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Levantine immigration to Chile started during the last quarter of the 19th century. This immigration, almost exclusively male at the outset, changed at the beginning of the 20th century when women started following their fathers, brothers, and husbands to the New World. Defining the role and status of the Arab woman within her community in Chile has never before been tackled in a detailed study. This article attempts to broach the subject by looking at Arabic newspapers published in Chile between 1912 and the end of the 1920s. A thematic analysis of articles dealing with the question of women or written by women, appearing in publications such as Al-Murshid, Asch-Schabibat, Al-Watan, and Oriente, will be discussed.

THE IDEA OF «COMMUNITY» IN THE GOVERNMENT CONCEPTS OF GALICIA OF THE XIX – BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Liubomyr Ilyn
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Legal Studies ◽  
Legal Principle ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze and systematize the views of social and political thinkers of Galicia in the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. on the right and manner of organizing a nation-state as a cathedral. Method. The methodology includes a set of general scientific, special legal, special historical and philosophical methods of scientific knowledge, as well as the principles of objectivity, historicism, systematic and comprehensive. The problem-chronological approach made it possible to identify the main stages of the evolution of the content of the idea of catholicity in Galicia's legal thought of the 19th century. Results. It is established that the idea of catholicity, which was borrowed from church terminology, during the nineteenth century. acquired clear legal and philosophical features that turned it into an effective principle of achieving state unity and integrity. For the Ukrainian statesmen of the 19th century. the idea of catholicity became fundamental in view of the separation of Ukrainians between the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires. The idea of unity of Ukrainians of Galicia and the Dnieper region, formulated for the first time by the members of the Russian Trinity, underwent a long evolution and received theoretical reflection in the work of Bachynsky's «Ukraine irredenta». It is established that catholicity should be understood as a legal principle, according to which decisions are made in dialogue, by consensus, and thus able to satisfy the absolute majority of citizens of the state. For Galician Ukrainians, the principle of unity in the nineteenth century. implemented through the prism of «state» and «international» approaches. Scientific novelty. The main stages of formation and development of the idea of catholicity in the views of social and political figures of Halychyna of the XIX – beginning of the XX centuries are highlighted in the work. and highlighting the distinctive features of «national statehood» that they promoted and understood as possible in the process of unification of Ukrainian lands into one state. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in further historical and legal studies, preparation of special courses.

Book reviews

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-226
Author(s):  
Kurdish Studies
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Spatial Control ◽  
Cornell University ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Turkish State ◽  
The 19Th Century

Andrea Fischer-Tahir and Sophie Wagenhofer (edsF), Disciplinary Spaces: Spatial Control, Forced Assimilation and Narratives of Progress since the 19th Century, Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2017, 300 pp., (ISBN: 978-3-8376-3487-7).Ayşegül Aydın and Cem Emrence, Zones of Rebellion: Kurdish Insurgents and the Turkish State, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2015, 192 pp., (ISBN: 978-0-801-45354-0).Evgenia I. Vasil’eva, Yugo-Vostochniy Kurdistan v XVI-XIX vv. Istochnik po Istorii Kurdskikh Emiratov Ardelan i Baban. [South-Eastern Kurdistan in the XVI-XIXth cc. A Source for the Study of Kurdish Emirates of Ardalān and Bābān], St Petersburg: Nestor-Istoria, 2016. 176 pp., (ISBN 978-5-4469-0775-5).Karin Mlodoch, The Limits of Trauma Discourse: Women Anfal Survivors in Kurdistan-Iraq, Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2014, 541 pp., (ISBN: 978-3-87997-719-2). 

Calisthenics and bodyweight exercises: different concepts or scientific synonyms?

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Leury Max Da Silva Chaves ◽  
Gabriel Vinicius Santos ◽  
Cauê La Scala Teixeira ◽  
Marzo Edir Da Silva-Grigoletto
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Training Method ◽  
Benefit Ratio ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
The 19Th Century

 Bodyweight exercises (also popularly known as calisthenics) is a classic training method and its practice has been widespread since the 19th century, but little evidenced in the scientific literature over the years. This type of training aims to promote multi-system adaptations using body weight as an overload with no or few implements [1–3]. This characteristic makes exercise with body weight easy to apply, in addition to having an excellent cost-benefit ratio when compared to other training possibilities that require machines or materials [4,5].

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