A Indisciplina na Educação de Jovens e Adultos: Causas e Consequências / Indiscipline in Youth and Adult Education: Causes and Consequences

Resumo: O principal objetivo do artigo é enfatizar a indisciplina na modalidade EJA dentre suas causas e consequências. O tema traz consigo uma abordagem bastante enriquecedora sobre como observar e lidar com estas determinadas situações presentes no cotidiano escolar. A modalidade EJA é uma proposta de ensino que atende um determinado público bastante adversa, por se tratar de alunos que de uma maneira ou outra não finalizaram os estudos no tempo certo. E a indisciplina vem sendo explanada com frequência nos grupos docentes, porém sem nenhuma perspectiva de metodologias para conseguir driblar tal questão sobre o ensino. As bases teóricas para a construção do artigo discorrem de citações e argumentos em teóricos bastantes influenciadores na perspectiva abordada, vindo ao encontro de autores como FREIRE (2001), MATOS (2012), SANTOS (2012) dentre outros, além de informações com veracidade em cima das Leis educacionais como a LDB e CNE, além de afirmações de minha autoria sobre todo o estudado mediante a pesquisa. O processo metodológico para a construção discorre de estudo analítico e observação crítica acerca do conteúdo a ser pesquisado por meio de uma pesquisa de caráter qualitativo em estudo bibliográfico a respeito do tema. Os resultados apresentados no entorno do artigo surgem como possíveis respostas e hipóteses à problemática apresentada, dentre suas aquisições, uma nova perspectiva de formação para professores com problemas atuais na sala de aulas, assim como observar os diversos tipos de indisciplina escolar apresentados na modalidade EJA. Ao concluir o estudo, fica a oportunidade de querer buscar mais informações do tema a fim de aprofundar ainda mais o conhecimento e transformar em metodologias para um melhor ensino aprendizagem na EJA. Palavras-Chave: Educação; Educação de Jovens e Adultos; Indisciplina. Abstract: The main aim of the article is to emphasize indiscipline in the EJA modality among its causes and consequences. The theme brings with it a very enriching approach on how to observe and deal with these certain situations present in everyday school life. The EJA modality is a teaching proposal that caters to a very adverse audience, as they are students who, in one way or another, did not finish their studies at the right time. And indiscipline has been frequently explained in the teaching groups, but without any perspective of methodologies to get around this issue about teaching. The theoretical bases for the construction of the article are based on citations and arguments in theorists who are quite influential in the perspective addressed, coming to the meeting of authors such as FREIRE (2001), MATOS (2012), SANTOS (2012) among others, as well as truthful information in above the educational laws such as the LDB and CNE, in addition to statements of my authorship about everything studied through the research. The methodological process for the construction is based on an analytical study and critical observation about the content to be researched through qualitative research in a bibliographical study about the subject. The results presented around the article appear as possible answers and hypotheses to the problem presented, among its acquisitions, a new perspective of training for teachers with current problems in the classroom, as well as observing the different types of school indiscipline presented in the EJA modality. Upon completing the study, there is the opportunity to seek more information on the topic in order to further deepen the knowledge and transform it into methodologies for better teaching and learning in EJA.Keywords: Education. Youth and Adult Education. Indiscipline.

Traditional festivals as a symbol of culture in Africa: The example of the Ovwuvwe festival of the Abraka people

Traditional festivals have become a prominent topic of research because of their social-cultural values. The values, and beliefs of a people are demonstrated through festivals. However, thus far, limited research has been conducted on the more profound issue of the possible contribution of festivals as a cultural symbol. This study aims to portray the symbols of the Abraka people’s culture through the Ovwuvwe festival celebration. The Ovwuvwe festival was chosen as the study area, due to its rich and unique cultural heritage, with the main aim of creating an avenue in preserving and displaying the cultural heritage of the Abraka people through the Ovwuvwe festival celebration. Through participation, interviews and critical observation, this paper demonstrates the cultural symbol of the Abraka people through Ovwuvwe.

A Critical Observation on the Design and Development of Reported Peptide Inhibitors of DENV NS2B-NS3 Protease in the Last Two Decades

: Dengue is one of the neglected tropical diseases, which remains a reason for concern as cases seem to rise every year. The failure of the only dengue vaccine, Dengvaxia®, has made the problem more severe and humanity has no immediate respite from this global burden. Dengue virus (DENV) NS2B-NS3 protease is an attractive target partly due to its role in polyprotein processing. Also, since it is among the most conserved domains in the viral genome, it could produce a broad scope of opportunities toward antiviral drug discovery in general. This review has made a detailed analysis of each case of the design and development of peptide inhibitors against DENV NS2B-NS3 protease in the last two decades. Also, we have discussed the reasons attributed to their inhibitory activity, and wherever possible, we have highlighted the concerns raised, challenges met, and suggestions to improve the inhibitory activity. Thus, we attempt to take the readers through the designing and development of reported peptide inhibitors and gain insight from these developments, which could further contribute toward strategizing the designing and development of peptide inhibitors of DENV protease with improved properties in the coming future.

Cereals, Rituals, and Social Structure

From the end of the Paleolithic Period onwards, cultivated cereals have interacted with ritual practices and social patterning through a variety of channels: the agrarian cycle provides a society with an array of stories and practices that are enshrined into its system of local knowledge; representations associated with grains develop into everyday practices; and cereal cultivation favorizes (or is triggered by) specific political forms, thus becoming embedded into the rituals through which political entities assert their legitimacy. Interactions between cereals, rituals, and social forms are informed by the characteristics proper to each staple cereal (maize, wheat, rice, sorghum, and millet, among others): the length of the maturation cycle, the degree of solidarity required from the rural community, the environmental requirements linked to its cultivation, its process of transformation into alcohol—all these factors inform the way a cereal inserts itself into a ritual and social complex. Starting with the changes in farming methods that coincided with the First Industrial Revolution, technological, social, and cultural transformations have been seemingly working toward the elimination or transmutation of cereal-based rituals. However, the timing, intensity, and effects of such transformations have differed widely from region to region. Besides, critical observation highlights the fact that these rituals are often hybridized, a phenomenon that repeatedly happened in history. Furthermore, current social processes affecting both producers and consumers may lead to a progressive ritualization of new beliefs and ways of proceeding.

Notes on Allium section Rhizirideum (Amaryllidaceae) in South Korea and northeastern China: with a new species from Ulleungdo Island

Allium section Rhizirideum is reviewed for South Korea and neighboring northeastern China based on critical observation of wild populations and herbarium materials. Species delimitations are re-evaluated on the basis of morphological and somatic chromosome numbers, resulting in the recognition of five species. Allium dumebuchum from Ulleungdo Island, South Korea, is described as a new species. This species is most similar to A. senescens due to its habits, but is clearly distinguished particularly by its rhomboid scapes in cross-secion, light purple perianth color, entire and narrowly triangular inner filaments, and flowering season from late September. One previously recognized species is placed into synonymy: A. pseudosenescens (under A. senescens). Photographs and a key to species of Allium section Rhizirideum in South Korea and northeastern China are provided in addition to information on nomenclatural types, synonymies, chromosome numbers, distribution, and specimens examined.

Towards a definition of Essential Mountain Climate Variables

<p>Numerous applications, including generating future predictions via numerical modelling, establishing appropriate policy instruments, and effectively tracking progress against them, require the multitude of complex processes and interactions operating in rapidly changing mountainous environmental systems to be well monitored and understood. At present, however, not only are environmental available data pertaining to mountains often severely limited, but interdisciplinary consensus regarding which variables should be considered absolute observation priorities remains lacking. In this context,  the concept of so-called Essential Mountain Climate Variables (EMCVs) is introduced as a potential means to identify critical observation priorities and thereby ameliorate the situation. Following a brief overview of the most critical aspects of ongoing and expected future climate-driven change in various key mountain system components (i.e. the atmosphere, cryosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere), a preliminary list of corresponding potential EMCVs – ranked according to perceived importance – is proposed. Interestingly, several of these variables do not currently feature amongst the globally relevant Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) curated by GCOS, suggesting this mountain-specific approach is indeed well justified. Thereafter, both established and emerging possibilities to measure, generate, and apply EMCVs are summarised. Finally, future activities that must be undertaken if the concept is eventually to be formalized and widely applied are recommended.</p>

Invisible tsunami deposits – the Misawa example, Japan

<p>With at least three reported waves, the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami’s destructive force caused massive damage along the Aomori coastline in northern Japan. At Misawa the coastal area was inundated up to 550 m inland and sandy sediment remnants can be traced to c. 350 m (c. 61-63% of the maximum inundation) from the shoreline.</p><p>The discovery of a floatable plastic object within a previously inconspicuous woody and organic layer in connection to our analytical data lead to the detection of a yet undocumented ‘invisible’ tsunami deposit. This layer is first appearing on top of the sandy deposit but then reaching even further inland (approx. 69-72% of the max. inundation). Initially the organic and woody layer was not evident during early stages of the field work and this would have been unchanged without the discovery of the floatable plastic particle embedded within the deposit. That critical observation was the turning point for the interpretation of the layer’s origin and thus our understanding of processes during the Tohoku-oki tsunami at the Aomori coast near Misawa harbor. Overall, may the first recognition of this woody-organic and up to now ‘invisible’ layer lead to an improvement in the understanding of tsunami processes and their sedimentological characteristics. Further, may the knowledge obtained from these types of deposits be transferred to and improve paleo-tsunami investigations, especially in rural natural environments, as sand sheets of historic and paleo-tsunamis represent minimum estimates for the coastal inundation and potential underestimations may be reduced by addressing the ‘invisible’ fraction of a tsunami’s inundation.</p>

Two outstanding literary phenomena of the Chinese literature at the end of the 20th century

Song thực ra, nếu không có cái định mệnh như thế thì đã không có lịch sử văn học đích thực. Việc đặt vấn đề nghiên cứu một cách khách quan những đóng góp của các hiện tượng văn xuôi nổi bật cuối thế kỉ XX đối với sự phát triển của văn học đương đại Trung Quốc là điều hết sức cần thiết. The emergence of some literary phenomena in Chinese literature at the end of the 20th century was the last hit to the collapse of the literature order that had been established since several centuries ago after the founding of new China (1949). This emergence is considered equivalent to the establishment of an innovative literary concept, bringing literary composition and delivery closer to the nature of the literature. Nowadays, upon discussing the Chinese literary phenomenon at the end of the 20th century, it is inevitable to connect it with the life-long career of an aging generation of writers. To unearth the contribution of this generation is somehow similar to an archeologist’s work and also comparable to the critical observation of a turning point in the literary history. Elements that those literary phenomena used to strive to overthrow in order to replace them with new concepts have been eradicated or outdated, which seems to be the “fate” of any “pioneering” movement. However, that fate is inevitable during the course of literary history. Therefore, it is deemed vital to conduct an objective research on the contributions of the outstanding literary phenomena at the end of the 20th century to the development of modern Chinese literature.