scholarly journals Personajes y cortesanos en el Albacete del siglo XVI. Agentes y medios de relación entre el ámbito de la corte y un pequeño municipio

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 47-95
Author(s):  
María Pilar Córcoles Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
16Th Century ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
Royal Court

Once the regimental offices were alienated in the council of Albacete in 1543, becoming life-long and royally appointed, we find during the second half of the 16th century the presentation as aldermen in this council of Albacete of external characters, related to the Royal Court and to the areas of power at the level of the Central administration.

scholarly journals The Political Career of Gáspár Bekes and Ferenc Wesselényi in Poland-Lithuania during the Reign of Stefan Batory

2021 ◽  
Vol 148 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-686
Author(s):  
Dominik Kadzik
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Career ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

This article is about the career and political positions of Gáspár Bekes and Ferenc Wesselényi in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during Stephen Báthory’s reign. It explains how they both achieved their positions and why they were important for the monarch. It should be emphasised that both of them are a good example of how the elected Polish king could help foreigners in their career in 16th century Poland. On the one hand, Gáspár Bekes achieved his position by serving in the army before and during Báthory’s wars, on the other hand Ferenc Wesselényi played an important role as a holder of a high office at the Polish royal court.

Queen Elizabeth I Through Moroccan Eyes

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabil Matar
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Elizabeth I ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Queen Elizabeth I

AbstractThis article examines the image of Queen Elizabeth I (reg. 1558-1603) in Moroccan writings, focusing specifically on the period between 1588, the English victory over the Spanish Armada, and 1596, the English attack (with Moroccan logistical assistance) on Cadiz. Contrary to what some historians have claimed about Arab-Islamic ignorance of, and indifference to, Western Europe in the early modern period, the writings of Abd al-Aziz al-Fishtali (1549-1621), the Moroccan scribe in the royal court of Marrakesh during the reign of Mulay Ahmad al-Mansur (reg. 1578-1603), provide valuable information about English political and naval activity in the last decade of the 16th century. The letters of al-Fishtali include the only contemporary description of the English Queen by a non-European writer.

scholarly journals Two cases of 16th century head injuries managed in royal European families

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. E2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamilah A. Dowling ◽  
James Tait Goodrich
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Family Members ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Royal Family ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
Andreas Vesalius ◽  
General Surgeons ◽  
Ambroise Pare ◽  
The Brain

In Europe, during the 16th century, there were a number of prominent general surgeons adventurous enough to consider operating on the brain for head injuries. From the time of Hippocrates, operating on the skull and brain was considered both treacherous and too dangerous to be undertaken except on rare occasions. Operating on a member of a royal court was considered even more exceptional because if the outcome was poor, the surgeon could lose a hand or limb, or, even worse, be beheaded. The authors present two interesting cases of royal family members who underwent surgery for head injuries that were quite severe. The surgeons involved, Ambroise Paré, Andreas Vesalius, and Berengario da Carpi, were among the most prominent surgeons in Europe. Despite very challenging political situations, all were willing to undertake a complex surgical intervention on the member of a prominent royal family. The individuals involved, both royal and medical, plus the neurosurgical injuries are discussed.

Herzog Albrecht von Preussen, die polnischen Eliten und die Reformation

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-254
Author(s):  
Maciej Ptaszyński
Keyword(s):  
16Th Century ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Catholic Bishops

Summary Dealing with the Confessional Issue.Albrecht Duke of Prussia, the Polish Elites and the Reformation The article analyses the relations between the first Lutheran Duke in Europe, Albrecht of Hohenzollern, and the Catholic elites in the Kingdom of Poland, in the first half of the 16th century. Among the correspondents of the Duke of Prussia, the author examines the Duke’s relationship with the king’s family and the royal court, a group of high officials (like Piotr Tomicki or Krzysztof Szydłowiecki), and Catholic bishops. Despite differences in the denominational affiliation and religious outlooks, the connection between the two regions was very strong and complex. This makes it possible to cast a new light on the practices of toleration. Gifts, gossip, and people were sent across the borders and exchanged between Albrecht and Poles. The intense communication reveals that denominational differences were present, but the correspondents relied on tactics of dissimulation to marginalize these differences and deprive them of importance.

Испитьсмертноезелье:АлександрийскийпатриархИоаким(1448-1567)междуэпосомиисторией

2019 ◽  
pp. 136-163
Author(s):  
K.A. Panchenko
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Christian Faith ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
The Real ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
Christian Literature

During and after his lifetime Joachim I, Greek Patriarch of Alexandria (born 1448 1567, patriarch since 1486/7), has been cherished as a Wonderworker. The most famous legend dedicated to him depicts the Patriarch who drains the cup of poison under Mamluk Sultans order as validation for the Christian Faith and stays safe. Amazing is that this mythical legend was formed during the Patriarchs lifetime, more then that, Russian legate Vasily Pozniakov in 1560 recorded that story from Joahims own words. The article attempts to analyse the miracles signed to the Patriarch of Alexandria through Russian, Arab Christian and Greek sources, and to sort out of topoi and circulating literature plots real life events, upon which the legend could be based . The spotlight falls upon the Middle East Christians antiJewish discourse, the plot of a dispute at a royal court and a trial for a righteous Christian, who did miracles to verify his faith. The legend about a mountain that moved in response to Patriarch Joachims preyer, origins from the 10th century Copt folklore and is no doubt a Myth. Though the legend about the poison to be drained, which definitely has multiple duplicates in the Middle East Christian literature epic of Johns of Edessa miracles (9th century AD), in particular, contains the whole range of unique facts and data new to the hagiographic tradition and probably related to the real circumstances of Joachims trial. Likewise, the Life of Theophilos the Myrrhstreamer (died in 1548), the ascetic from Mount Athos, confirms the story of Joachims miracle, irrespectively of the ArabChristian sources. Comparison of the Life of Theophilius and the ArabMoslem chronicles of Ibn Iyas (late 15th early 16th century) allows the estimation that Joachim was tried with poison in the period between April and June 1498. The article attempts to reconstruct the historical context of this event. Carefully examined are the genesis of the Joachims Miracles Legend and the circumstances of its written records.Во время и после его жизни Иоахим I, греческий Патриарх Александрии (родился 1448 1567, патриарх с 1486/7), был взлелеян как чудотворец. Самая известная легенда, посвященная ему, изображает патриарха, который осушает чашу яда по приказу Мамлюка султана как подтверждение христианской веры и остается в живых. Удивительно, что эта мифическая легенда сложилась еще при жизни Патриарха, более того, русский легат Василий Позняков в 1560 г. записал эту историю со слов самого Иоахима. В статье предпринята попытка проанализировать чудеса, подписанные Александрийскому патриарху через русские, арабские христианские и греческие источники, а также выделить из топоев и циркулирующей литературы сюжеты реальных жизненных событий, на которых могла бы основываться легенда. В центре внимания антиеврейский дискурс ближневосточных христиан, сюжет спора при королевском дворе и суд над праведным христианином, совершившим чудеса для подтверждения своей веры. Легенда о горе, которая двигалась в ответ на Прейер патриарха Иоакима, берет свое начало из коптского фольклора X века и, несомненно, является мифом. Хотя легенда о яде, который должен быть осушен, которая определенно имеет несколько дубликатов в ближневосточной христианской литературе эпос Иоанна Эдесского чудес (IX век н. э.), в частности, содержит весь спектр уникальных фактов и данных, новых для агиографической традиции и, вероятно, связанных с реальными обстоятельствами суда Иоакима. Точно так же и жизнь Феофила стримера (умершего в 1548 году), подвижника с Афона, подтверждает рассказ о чуде Иоакима, безотносительно к арабохристианским источникам. Сопоставление жития Феофилия и арабомусульманских хроник ИбнИяса (конец XVго начало XVI века) позволяет предположить, что Иоахим был отравлен в период между апрелем и июнем 1498 г. В статье предпринята попытка реконструировать исторический контекст этого события. Тщательно изучены происхождение легенды о чудесах Иоакима и обстоятельства ее письменных записей.

How Muscovy Governed: Seventeenth-Century Russian Central Administration

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Brown
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
Medieval Latin ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
Foreign Travel ◽  
Time Of Troubles ◽  
The Military

AbstractThe modern Russian state's first governmental administration, the chancellery system (prikaznaia sistema), guided Muscovy from the 1470s to the 1710s. A handful of state secretaries (d'iaki), subordinate clerks (pod'iachie), and several nascent bureaus matured into over ten permanent, well-codified bodies with decision-making boards, archives, professional hierarchies, and merit-based hiring and promotion by the 1550s. By the 1670s there were 60 chancelleries, and their Moscow staffs by the 1690s had increased to about 3,000, from the highest civil ranks (boyars and okol'niche) through the professional administrative ranks: duma state secretaries (dumnye d'iaki), the state secretaries, and clerks. The chancelleries (prikazy) discharged an array of state, royal court, and church functions, but military concerns were foremost. An arresting internal complexity typified the larger, more important chancelleries, like the Military and Foreign Affairs Chancelleries, divided into sub-units. The chancellery system was entirely homegrown, owning nothing to Roman Imperial and Medieval Latin traditions. The Russians borrowed some paperwork (scrolls) and zealous attention to that from the Mongols, as they did Byzantine and Lithuanian legal elements. Documentary language was a vernacular, Middle Russian register, with burgeoning specialized vocabulary and phraseology. Strict oaths guided conduct, though judicial bureau personnel were notorious for bribe-taking. Foreign travel accounts commented on the obsequiousness of documentary format wherein petitioners referred to themselves as “slaves” (kholopy) and used first-name diminutives. Seventeenth-century Muscovite centralized administration acquired Weber's hallmark features of a bureaucracy; the prikazy guided Muscovy and acculturated its subjects, from tsar to peasant, into its rationale, mechanisms, and operations. Weathering major social traumas and challenges, such as Ivan the Terrible's Oprichnina, the Time of Troubles, the Thirteen Years' War, and the 1682 Musketeers' Uprising, the chancelleries provided the bureaucratic continuity for the Imperial Russian and Soviet states.

scholarly journals From a market economy to a government monopoly precious metals of Serbia and Bosnia between Venice and the Ottoman empire (15th-16th century)

2013 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Bosko Bojovic
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
European Monetary ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Monetary Economy

The production of precious metals in the Balkans reached its climax in the 15th century. It was exported mostly by Ragusa, basically for the Venice Mint. According to the available documents it can be estimated that the traffic of such metals carried out via Ragusa was between 11060 kg in 1425, and an optimum estimation of 25 tons annually for the first half of the century. The Ottoman occupation of Serbia and Bosnia in the middle of the century marks the end of the exportation of raw materials indispensable to the European monetary economy, which lacked precious metals for mints. The production as well as the coining of the Balkan precious metals took place within the closed circuit of the Ottoman economic autarchy. Notwithstanding all the efforts of the central administration, including a highly developed legislation, and in spite of the development of a big mining centre of Siderokapsia (Eastern Macedonia), the production of precious metals continued to decline in the 15th century. This economic phenomenon led to the financial crash that marked the beginning of the recurring financial and economic crises in the Ottoman Empire at the end of the 16th century. The contribution of the precious metals from the Balkans to the European monetary economy at the end of the Middle Ages has not been sufficiently studied by the specialists in economic history, and it has not been taken into account regarding the spectacular decline of the Ottoman economy and power.

scholarly journals PENGEMBANGAN NASIONALISME DALAM KEARIFAN LOKAL MASYARAKAT ACEH YANG MENJALANKAN SYARIAT ISLAM

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sulaiman . ◽  
Nurmasyitah .
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
Islamic Values

The people of Aceh, in its history until now. considered a strong adherent of Islam. Islam has not only been strived to be upheld in the midst of society in terms of the implementation of its teachings, this religion has also become the main foundation in the formation of nationalist attitudes, the tradition of the royal court in the past is full of Islamic values, since the title used, the concept of governance , court ceremonial traditions (which do not differentiate between Islamic and royal traditions). and various royal religious policies, especially in the 17th century. Islam was not only an inspiration for development and progress in Aceh in various fields, it also played a major role in the strong resistance against the Portuguese in Malacca. in the first half of the 16th century, and the Netherlands, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This war in the name of religion has always been held closely by the community consistently. 

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