scholarly journals Conversion of pentane-hexane fraction on the Zr-containing catalyst systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-65
Author(s):  
Alexey A. Gritsienko ◽  
◽  
Ilya Sergeevich Annenkov ◽  
Tatiana V. Aniskova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Fuel ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Hexane Fraction ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Motor Fuels ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Catalyst Systems ◽  
High Octane

The tightening environmental standards for motor fuels on the one hand and the rapid growth of high quality motor fuel consumption on the other hand poses the problem of refining to reduce the amount of aromatics and in particular benzene in commercial products. Currently recycling oil is essential to the overall petroleum refining complex. To increase the depth of processing, and most important for the production of high octane components of motor fuels meeting the Euro-5 requirements, different processing variants hydrotreated fractions, among which the most modern process is isomerization. And because of this isomerization – as a process of producing components of gasoline with a high octane number and a low aromatic content became widespread. This work is devoted to the research activity of the two catalyst systems containing zirconium in its composition, in the conversion of pentane-hexane fraction, which is the raw material of isomerization process in refineries. The study was conducted in a laboratory flow-type reactor with a fixed catalyst bed. Analysis of the gaseous and liquid products of transformation was performed by gas-liquid chromatography. On the basis of analysis of experimental data, we can conclude that the two systems studied most active catalyst in the isomerization of pentane-hexane fraction is a system based on zeolite. When used which is possible to obtain liquid products with a low content of unbranched alkanes and high in isoparaffins that have high octane numbers and are safe components of motor fuels from an environmental point of view.

scholarly journals Investigation of the activity catalytic system of the Pr/NH4(ZSM) in the conversion of n-hexane

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-61
Author(s):  
Vladimir A. Silaev ◽  
◽  
Elshad Afsar ogly Gadirov ◽  
Maxim O. Taraskin ◽  
Nina I. Komarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic System ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Environmental Standards ◽  
Oil Reserves ◽  
Motor Fuels ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
High Octane

Due to the rapid growth of consumption of high-quality, environmentally friendly motor fuels and the exhaustion of oil reserves, the modernization of existing technologies and processes for the production of high-octane gasoline remains relevant. One of these processes, which allows to obtain fuels that meet environmental standards, is the process of catalytic reforming. This work is devoted to the study of the activity of the pure carrier – NH4(ZSM) and the catalytic system Pr/NH4(ZSM) (the amount of praseodymium is 0.7% wt.) prepared by the impregnation method based on pure zeolite NH4(ZSM) (n-hexane transformation). The analysis of the obtained conversion products was performed by gas-liquid chromatography. The activity of the catalyst was evaluated according to parameters such as the degree of conversion of raw materials, the selectivity of the formation of products. On the basis of experimental data, it was shown that when n-hexane is converted on a catalyst in an air flow, high-octane components of the fuel can be obtained. As a result of systematic studies of pure NH4(ZSM), it was shown that with an increase in temperature, the conversion of n-hexane to 99.6% at a temperature of 500 ºС increases. The introduction of praseodymium into the catalyst leads to a redistribution of the number of acid and metal reaction centers, which is accompanied by a maximum conversion rate of 99.5% at a temperature of 350 ºС, an increase in the proportion of aromatic and gaseous compounds in the conversion products. As a result of the conversion of n-hexane on the two systems, valuable gaseous and liquid products were obtained. All liquid products obtained at different temperatures have large octane number values, which is explained by the high content of isomer products at low temperatures of the experiment and aromatic products at high temperatures of the experiment.

Motor fuels and chemicals from coal via the Sasol Synthol route

1981 ◽  
Vol 300 (1453) ◽  
pp. 99-109 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Iron Catalyst ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Motor Fuel ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Light Olefins ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Motor Fuels ◽  
Fuels And Chemicals

The production of motor fuels and chemicals from coal is based on the Fischer-Tropsch reaction by passing hydrogen and carbon monoxide in a specific ratio over iron catalysts at elevated temperatures and pressures. The fixed-bed system employs a precipitated iron catalyst. Predominantly heavy hydrocarbons of an aliphatic nature are produced with carbon chains up to 100. These straight-chain hydrocarbons yield excellent waxes and high quality diesel oil, which is also used as raw material for the production of very high quality biodegradable detergents. The fluid-bed system, based on catalytic cracker technology, has the great advantage of high production capacity and scale-up potential. Scaled-up reactors are the only ones used at Sasol Two and Sasol Three. The quantity of ethylene obtained is augmented by ethane cracking. The light olefins can be used as petrochemical feedstock or refined, e.g. by polymerization, and the product added to the motor fuel pool. The product cut in the gasoline range yields a good quality gasoline by using conventional refinery techniques. The oxygenated chemicals, when sold as such, fetch higher prices than when sold as motor fuels.

The New Methods of Deep Processing of Oil Residues in Conjunction with Shales

2014 ◽  
Vol 1079-1080 ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Zh.K. Kairbekov ◽  
A.S. Maloletnev ◽  
V.S. Yemelyanova ◽  
Zh.K. Myltykbaeva ◽  
B.B. Baizhomartov
Keyword(s):  
Oil Shale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Deep Processing ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Motor Fuels ◽  
New Process ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Tar Oil ◽  
Middle Distillates

The results of studies on the development of a new process of thermal cracking of tar oil as a slurry with crushed oil shale to obtain components of motor fuels. The results suggest doubtless advantages of the process before the industrial of thermo cracking, since the single-stage processing of raw materials in relatively in the mild conditions (5 MPa, 425 °C, volumetric feed rate 1.0 h-1) is achieved deep destruction of tar oil (the yield petrol fraction with a bp amounts to up to 180 °C – ~12 mass % of middle distillates with a bp 180-360 °C – 43-44 mass %, of raw material for catalytic cracking of a bp 360-520 °C – ~15-16 %, based on the initial tar oil). Formed like coke products and raw materials contained in V and Ni is postponed on the mineral part of slate and removed from the reaction zone with the liquid products of the process.

scholarly journals Development of high-tech production of high-octane components of motor fuel from renewable vegetable raw materials

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Sh. Musina ◽  
T. S. Linkova ◽  
O. V. Khabibrakhmanov
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Motor Fuel ◽  
Isoamyl Alcohol ◽  
Short Review ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Universal System ◽  
Motor Fuels ◽  
Vegetable Raw Materials ◽  
Fusel Oils ◽  
High Octane

In work are studied development of new oxygen-containing high-octane fuel compositions. The short review of comparisons of the main indicators is presented. In this article is shown need of development of production of octane additives. Receiving high-octane gasolines with use of components of the fuels alternative oil, the solution of these questions can become use of alcohols as additives to traditional gasoline, and first of all the ethyl alcohol produced from renewable sources of raw materialsThe goal can be carried out by means of modeling of technological processes. Using a software package of "UnisimDesign" we will make modeling of process of receiving isoamyl alcohol. In a basis of universal system of modeling of "UnisimDesign" the general principles of calculations of material and thermal balances of technological schemes are underlain.On the calculated scheme 1 isoamyl alcohol which is used in the form of additive to motor fuels is emitted one target product. However contained in fusel oils butanol also has broad application. Butanol is applied as solvent to paints, he is a part of brake fluids, industrial detergents. But at allocation of a butanol we face a problem, fusel oils contain water and form azeotrope mixes. For the solution of this problem we suggest to enter into initial raw materials hexane, in the ratio 1:1. It will allow us to allocate besides isoamyl alcohol and butanol. Modeling of process of division of fusel oils I have shown a possibility of allocation of two demanded target products. The technological scheme of installation of division of fusel oils is provided in work. Constructive characteristics of the columned equipment are calculated, material and thermal balances of installation are.

scholarly journals Obtaining of high-octane components by conversion of hydrocarbon raw material on high-silica zeolites

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-44
Author(s):  
Vasyl Shevchuk ◽  
◽  
Olexandra Macyak ◽  
Ludmila Babyak ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Condition ◽  
Catalytic Conversion ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Motor Fuels ◽  
High Silica ◽  
High Silica Zeolites ◽  
High Octane

Catalytic conversion of gaseous alkanes, alkenes and gasoline fractions over high-silica zeolites of ZSM-5 type has been studied. The optimal condition for the production of high-octane components of motor fuels over ZVM+2% mass of Zn modified catalyst and non-modified catalyst ZVN have been established

DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER OF GAS ENGINE, CONVERTED ON THE BASIS OF DIESELS D-120 OR D-144 ENGINES TO WORK FOR ON LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS

2019 ◽  
pp. 2-8
Author(s):  
Serhii Kovalov
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Compression Ratio ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Motor Fuel ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Gas Engine ◽  
Chamber Volume ◽  
Motor Fuels ◽  
Dynamic Cycle

The expediency of using vehicles of liquefied petroleum gas as a motor fuel, as com-pared with traditional liquid motor fuels, in particular with diesel fuel, is shown. The advantages of converting diesel engines into gas ICEs with forced ignition with respect to conversion into gas diesel engines are substantiated. The analysis of methods for reducing the compression ratio in diesel engines when converting them into gas ICEs with forced ignition has been carried out. It is shown that for converting diesel engines into gas ICEs with forced ignition, it is advisable to use the Otto thermo-dynamic cycle with a decrease in the geometric degree of compression. The choice is grounded and an open combustion chamber in the form of an inverted axisymmetric “truncated cone” is developed. The proposed shape of the combustion chamber of a gas internal combustion engine for operation in the LPG reduces the geometric compression ratio of D-120 and D-144 diesel engines with an unseparated spherical combustion chamber, which reduces the geometric compression ratio from ε = 16,5 to ε = 9,4. The developed form of the combustion chamber allows the new diesel pistons or diesel pistons which are in operation to be in operation to be refined, instead of making special new gas pistons and to reduce the geometric compression ratio of diesel engines only by increasing the combustion chamber volume in the piston. This method of reducing the geometric degree of compression using conventional lathes is the most technologically advanced and cheap, as well as the least time consuming. Keywords: self-propelled chassis SSh-2540, wheeled tractors, diesel engines D-120 and D-144, gas engine with forced ignition, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), compression ratio of the internal com-bustion engine, vehicles operating in the LPG.

Calculation of the Glaze Recipe for Porcelain Feldspar Products Based on their Molecular Formula Rationalization

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-134
Author(s):  
Ion Teoreanu ◽  
Roxana Lucia Dumitrache ◽  
Stefania Stoleriu
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Computer Programs ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Molecular Formula ◽  
Design Equation ◽  
Material Sources

Any change of the raw material sources for glazes, economically, ecologically motivated, and also from the glaze quality point of view, is conditioned by the molecular formula rationalization and by the variation limits of the molecular formula, respectively. The proper glaze compositions are placed within their limit variation intervals with optimized processing and utilization properties. For this purpose, the rationalization criteria and procedures of molecular formulas are summarized in the present paper, as well as the results referring to their rationalization obtained in the authors� previous work. Thus, one starts from a base of raw materials that are selected, usable and also accessible for the design and producing of the glazes. On these bases the groundwork and the design equation for the glaze recipes are developed, exemplified for a single glaze. For an easy access to results, computer programs are used for an easy access to results.

scholarly journals Potential of Probiotic Frozen Blackcurrant Products: Consumer Preference, Physicochemical Characterization, and Cell Viability

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 792
Author(s):  
Kati Väkeväinen ◽  
Noora Rinkinen ◽  
Roosa-Maria Willman ◽  
Jenni Lappi ◽  
Kaisa Raninen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Storage Time ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Consumer Preference ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Frozen Food ◽  
High Viability ◽  
Food Applications

Blackcurrant is a healthy, affordable, and traditionally gardened berry that, thus far, has been underused in food applications. From the consumers’ point of view, the acidic taste of blackcurrants is a challenge; therefore, these berries have mainly been utilized for sugary juice production. This research study aimed to develop a frozen vegan blackcurrant product with pleasant sensory properties and potential probiotic function. A candidate probiotic, Lactoplantibacillus plantarum Q823, was used in the manufacturing process. The physicochemical properties, nutritional composition, and consumer preference for the developed product were assessed, as was the viability of L. plantarum Q823 during storage time and in an in vitro gastrointestinal model. Consumers (n = 71) perceived the developed product to be pleasant. L. plantarum Q823 had high viability counts (log colony forming units (cfu) g−1 7.0 ± 0.38) in the final product, although the viability of L. plantarum Q823 during storage time needs to be enhanced to obtain a probiotic product. Thus, within an optimized formulation, blackcurrant berries represent a potential raw material for functional frozen food products.

scholarly journals The contribution of the Italian residents in neurology to the COVID-19 crisis: admirable generosity but neurological training remains their priority

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Tassorelli ◽  
Vincenzo Silani ◽  
Alessandro Padovani ◽  
Paolo Barone ◽  
Paolo Calabresi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Training ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Healthcare Management ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
Training And Research

Abstract Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has severely impacted the Italian healthcare system, underscoring a dramatic shortage of specialized doctors in many disciplines. The situation affected the activity of the residents in neurology, who were also offered the possibility of being formally hired before their training completion. Aims (1) To showcase examples of clinical and research activity of residents in neurology during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy and (2) to illustrate the point of view of Italian residents in neurology about the possibility of being hired before the completion of their residency program. Results Real-life reports from several areas in Lombardia—one of the Italian regions more affected by COVID-19—show that residents in neurology gave an outstanding demonstration of generosity, collaboration, reliability, and adaptation to the changing environment, while continuing their clinical training and research activities. A very small minority of the residents participated in the dedicated selections for being hired before completion of their training program. The large majority of them prioritized their training over the option of earlier employment. Conclusions Italian residents in neurology generously contributed to the healthcare management of the COVID-19 pandemic in many ways, while remaining determined to pursue their training. Neurology is a rapidly evolving clinical field due to continuous diagnostic and therapeutic progress. Stakeholders need to listen to the strong message conveyed by our residents in neurology and endeavor to provide them with the most adequate training, to ensure high quality of care and excellence in research in the future.

scholarly journals Characterization and Evaluation of Salvia hispanica L. and Salvia columbariae Benth. Varieties for Their Cultivation in Southwestern Germany

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2012
Author(s):  
Samantha Jo Grimes ◽  
Filippo Capezzone ◽  
Peteh Mehdi Nkebiwe ◽  
Simone Graeff-Hönninger
Keyword(s):  
Seed Mass ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Salvia Hispanica ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Chia Seed ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Salvia Hispanica L ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
Seed Yields

Rising consumer attraction towards superfoods and the steadily increasing demand for healthy, environmentally sustainable, and regionally produced food products has sharpened the demand for chia. Over the course of 4 years, two early flowering chia varieties belonging to Salvia hispanica L., and Salvia columbariae Benth. Species were identified to complete their phenological development and, therefore, able to reach maturity under a photoperiod >12 h, thus enabling the cultivation of chia in central Europe—more specifically, in southwestern Germany—consistently for the first time. Results obtained by the conducted field trial in 2018 showed that chia seed yields and thousand-seed mass ranged from 284.13 to 643.99 kg ha−1 and 0.92 to 1.36 g, respectively. Further, the statistical analyses showed that the protein content of the cultivated chia varieties ranged from 22.14 to 27.78%, the mucilage content varied from 10.35 to 20.66%, and the crude oil content amounted up to 28.00 and 31.73%. Fatty acid profiles were similar to previously reported data with α-Linolenic acid being the most prominent one, ranging from 60.40 to 65.87%, and we obtained ω6:ω3 ratios between 0.2 and 0.3. In conclusion, chia could represent a promising raw material from a nutritional point of view, while being able to diversify the local food basis of southwestern Germany.

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