Chemical Composition and Preservation of Mnazi and Its Distillate (Pyuwa)

Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) is most well-known for the products of its fruit, such as coconut meat, coconut water, coconut milk, and coconut oil. Almost all edible products of the coconut come from the fruit, or “nut” portion of the plant. Some fruit products include desiccated coconut from the hard endosperm of the seed and toddy which, is produced by tapping the sap from inflorescence. Toddy can be boiled to produce coconut sugar (jaggery) or fermented to become an alcoholic beverage (Mnazi). This study explored the quality aspects and preservation of both Mnazi and its spirit (pyuwa) with an aim of providing a cheap alternative beverage for both low and middle income earners. The main volatile compounds that were found in both Mnazi and its spirit include propanol, isoamyl ethanol butanol and acetic acid. In Mnazi, the levels of the volatiles were far much less than 600 mg/l, which is considered the threshold value of acceptability in wine. The absence of methanol and fusel oils in fresh Mnazi makes it possible to compete effectively with beers and alcoholic drinks already in the market. However, its distillate (Pyuwa) cannot be recommended as safe alcohol drink unless further separation is done because of its high levels of fusel oils. The newly developed products: dry, medium dry and sweet brands were stable during the first 4 weeks after production. Assimilation of sucrose and fructose were faster than glucose, with fructose being the fastest.

Prospective types of alternative fuels for internal combustion engines

Currently, the disposal and recycling of the alcohol industry products creates a number of difficulties due to the lack of well-established recycling lines in Ukraine. Since 1998, eight enterprises of the state-owned concern Ukrspirt have been converted to produce high-octane oxygen-containing additives (CFCs) for ethanol-based fuels to organize the processing of waste from the alcohol industry. During this time, they produced 28.2 thousand tonnes of CALs, but CALA enterprises face great difficulties in selling their products, as they are new and expensive. The influence of fusel oil additives on commodity fuels on the main physical and technical indicators of the obtained alternative fuels is considered in the paper. According to the results of studies of octane number, we have established the optimal compositions of fuel mixtures of fusel oils with gasoline A-80 can contain up to 10% of the latter. For mixtures of fusel oils with diesel fuel by cetane number, their optimum content in diesel fuel is from 4 to 10% by volume. But, according to the trends of the development of diesel engines, the compression ratio increases, which allows the use of diesel fuel with higher cetane number, and therefore it is possible to raise the content of fusel oils in diesel fuel to 12%. According to the results of studies of the environmental performance of the ZIL-130 engine when fusel oils are added to commercial gasoline in an amount of 2 to 10% vol. the CO content in ICE exhaust gases decreases by 9.3%, fuel consumption increases by 6.5%, hydrocarbons by 10.2% and nitrogen oxide by 16.9%. As a result of increasing the content of fusel oils in diesel from 0 to 6%, there is an increase in mass flow rate of fuel to 6.1%, an increase in the concentration of hydrocarbons to 10% and nitrogen oxides by 1.9% in the exhaust gases of the engine D21A1. Thus, as we see today, along with traditional fuels for internal combustion engines, it is possible to use their alternative substitutes quite efficiently both in their pure form and in mixtures with them. There are all prerequisites for this in Ukraine and the region, the only question is the financing of these projects.

Development of high-tech production of high-octane components of motor fuel from renewable vegetable raw materials

In work are studied development of new oxygen-containing high-octane fuel compositions. The short review of comparisons of the main indicators is presented. In this article is shown need of development of production of octane additives. Receiving high-octane gasolines with use of components of the fuels alternative oil, the solution of these questions can become use of alcohols as additives to traditional gasoline, and first of all the ethyl alcohol produced from renewable sources of raw materialsThe goal can be carried out by means of modeling of technological processes. Using a software package of "UnisimDesign" we will make modeling of process of receiving isoamyl alcohol. In a basis of universal system of modeling of "UnisimDesign" the general principles of calculations of material and thermal balances of technological schemes are underlain.On the calculated scheme 1 isoamyl alcohol which is used in the form of additive to motor fuels is emitted one target product. However contained in fusel oils butanol also has broad application. Butanol is applied as solvent to paints, he is a part of brake fluids, industrial detergents. But at allocation of a butanol we face a problem, fusel oils contain water and form azeotrope mixes. For the solution of this problem we suggest to enter into initial raw materials hexane, in the ratio 1:1. It will allow us to allocate besides isoamyl alcohol and butanol. Modeling of process of division of fusel oils I have shown a possibility of allocation of two demanded target products. The technological scheme of installation of division of fusel oils is provided in work. Constructive characteristics of the columned equipment are calculated, material and thermal balances of installation are.

INCREASING ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF CONTACT DEVICES OF THE DISTILLATION AND RECTIFICATION PLANTS AND DEGREE OF BIOETHANOL PURIFICATION

The aim of the work was a study the energy efficiency of the heads and fusels concentrating column and beer still, the degree of purification of ethanol in the process of the separation of light fraction and the efficiency of the process of а beer distillation by increasing residence time of the liquid on the trays for contact with the vapor. The technology of rectification with controlled cycles of fluid retention on the stages of the contact and its overflow without mixing to the adjacent trays is proposed. For implementing the method the experimental column was equipped with scaly trays with coaxial arrangement of scales, which excluded the linearity of the fluid motion. The overflow holes of each tray is alternately opened and closed by movable valves associated with the driving mechanism in accordance with the controller program. Change the cross-section of the trays at 45-50 % resulted in an immediate reduction of rate of vapor and provided the spilled liquid through the overflow hole and the gap of scales. Due to this time the overflow was reduced from 5 to 2 seconds. It was studied that the increasing of the residence time of the beer on the trays to 12 seconds can increase the concentration of alcohol in beer distillate by 28 % in comparison with the standard columns. The coaxial arrangement of scales eliminates the possibility of formation of stagnant zones and burning of suspended particles of a beer. Specific consumption of heating steam to the process distillation not exceed 16 kg/dl of absolute alcohol of a beer. In the process of the separation of light fractions with the fluid retention on trays to 20 seсonds a degree of extraction of aldehydes, higher alcohols of fusel oils and methyl alcohol grew on average by 30 %, the multiplicity of concentration of light and intermediate impurities increased by 32 %. The consumption of heating steam for the distillation process was reduced to 14 kg/dl of absolute alcohol. To increase the efficiency of contact devices, it is advisable to prolong the residence time of the liquid on the trays until close to the equilibrium state of phases, and to provide overflow of liquid without mixing to the adjacent trays, to use trays with full compensation of co-current and alternating cross-section.

INFLUENCE OF THE TYPE OF YEAST ON QUALITY OF GRAPE WINE MATERIAL

Рассмотрена возможность повышения качества виноматериалов с помощью подбора штамма винных дрожжей. Исследовано 12 штаммов дрожжей различных производителей и ценовых категорий. Виноградное сусло получали из белого винограда технического сорта Цитронный Магарача, выращенного в Самарской области. Качество винограда соответствовало требованиям ГОСТ 31782–2012. Переработку винограда вели в полупромышленных условиях по «белому» способу. Дозировка дрожжей составляла 0,2 г/л. Брожение сусла и хранение полученных виноматериалов осуществляли при температуре 14–15°С. Показатели качества полученных сухих столовых виноматериалов удовлетворяли требованиям ГОСТ 32030–2013 по всем основным показателям. Из виноматериалов путем прямой перегонки получены винные дистилляты и подвергнуты газохроматографическому анализу. По содержанию летучих компонентов – метанола, сивушных масел, сложных эфиров, ацетальдегида, бензальдегида, кетонов все образцы соответствовали требованиям ГОСТ 31493–2012. Установлено, что по скорости сбраживания, флокулирующей способности и продуцированию летучих компонентов наилучшим для выбранного сорта винограда является штамм дрожжей Vitilevure DV10 (Danstar Ferment AG, Дания). Possibility of improvement of quality of wine materials by means of selection of a necessary strain of wine yeast is considered. 12 yeast strains of different producers and price categories were investigated. The grape mash was received from white grapes of a technical grade Tsitronnyy Magaracha who is grown up in the Samara region. The quality of grapes conformed to requirements of GOST 31782–2012. Processing of grapes was conducted in semi-industrial conditions on a white way. The dosage of yeast was 0,2 g/l. Fermentation of a mash and storage of the received wine materials carried out at a temperature of 14–15°C. Indicators of quality of the received dry table wine materials met requirements of GOST 32030–2013 for all key indicators of quality. From wine materials by direct distillation wine distillates was obtained and subjected to gas chromatographic analysis. According to the content of volatile components-methanol, fusel oils, esters, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, ketones, all samples met the requirements of GOST 31493–2012. It was found that the rate of fermentation, flocculating ability and production of volatile components is best for the selected grape variety strain Vitilevure DV10 (Danstar Ferment AG, Denmark).