scholarly journals EXPERT SURVEY ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF THE CORONAVIRUS EPIDEMIC

2020 ◽  
pp. 115-153
Author(s):  
Д.В. Ушаков ◽  
А.В. Юревич ◽  
М.А. Юревич
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Expert Survey ◽  
Cholera Epidemic ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Psychological Journal ◽  
Regions Of Russia

В 2019 г. от болезней органов дыхания в России скончались 58 тыс. человек, а от инфекционных болезней - 31,2 тыс. Эпидемия холеры, от которой Пушкин в свое время скрывался в Болдино, унесла жизни около 200 тыс. россиян. От короноваруса, на момент написания статьи, их погибло примерно 4 тыс. Так, что такое нынешняя эпидемия - психологический артефакт или реальная угроза всей современной цивилизации? Для ответа на этот и другие подобные вопросы, призванные прояснить «странную» эпидемию коронавируса, авторами был осуществлен экспертный опрос, который был проведен среди исследователей, опубликовавших свои статьи в «Психологическом журнале» и «Вопросах психологии» в период с 2014 по 2020 гг. Экспертным опросом было охвачено 152 респондента, представлявших различные регионы России и разные отрасли психологии (примерно треть из 477 разосланных анкет была возвращена в заполненном виде). Психологи, приглашенные в качестве экспертов, являлись специалистами в своих областях, однако, по убеждению авторов статьи, не раз задумывались над вопросами, близкими тем, которые были включены в анкету. В ней содержался 21 вопрос, из них 6 открытых и 7 полуоткрытых. Опрос был проведен в апреле 2020 г. Основной задачей, решавшейся в ходе его проведения, было выявление мнений респондентов по поводу психологического контекста коронавирусной эпидемии, который, по мнению различных специалистов, является одним из наиболее существенных. Авторы полагают, что ответы респондентов на открытые и полуоткрытые вопросы анкеты тоже содержат ценную информацию и могут быть интересны читателям Журнала. In 2019, 58 thousand people died from respiratory diseases, and 31.2 thousand died from infectious diseases in Russia. The cholera epidemic, from which Pushkin hid in Boldino, claimed the lives of about 200 thousand Russians. At the time of this writing there were about 4 thousand deaths due to coronavirus. So, what is the actual epidemic - is it a psychological artifact or a real threat to the entire modern civilization? The authors of this article conducted an expert survey designed to answer this and other similar questions and clarify the" strange "epidemic of coronavirus. The survey was realized among researchers who had published their articles in the "Psychological journal" and "Questions of psychology" in the period from 2014 to 2020. The expert survey covered 152 respondents from different regions of Russia and different branches of psychology (about third of the 477 questionnaires sent out were returned in completed form). Psychologists considered as experts are specialists in their fields, but, according to the authors of the article, they have often thought about questions like those included in the questionnaire. The questionnaire contained 21 questions, 6 of them open and 7 half-open. The survey was conducted in April 2020. The main tasks that were solved during the survey were to identify respondents ' opinions about the psychological context of the coronavirus epidemic, which, according to various experts, is one of the most significant. The authors believe that the answers of respondents to open and semi-open questions of the questionnaire also contain valuable information and may be of interest to the readers of the Journal.

scholarly journals Emergency slaughters in pigs in the CzechRepublic during the period of 1997–2002 

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 365-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kozak ◽  
M. Malena ◽  
J. Holejsovsky ◽  
B. Bartosek
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Musculoskeletal Diseases ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Digestive Diseases ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Emergency Slaughter

The aim of the present work was to determine the most frequent causes of emergency slaughters in pigs and the trends of future development. Records from emergency slaughters of pigs all over the CzechRepublic were studied for the period of 1997–2002. The causes of emergency slaughters were divided into the following groups: infectious diseases, respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, complications post partum, diseases of miscellaneous aetiology. The trends of future development were determined as an index equal to the ratio of relative occurrence of the findings during the period of 2000–2002 to the same figures from the period of 1997–1999. Musculoskeletal diseases were the most frequently found condition (42.39%) with stable figures in the long term (index 1.00). Neither any significant increase nor decrease in the occurrence of this type of diseases were found. Furthermore there was also high occurrence of the diseases of miscellaneous aetiology (29.51%), accounting in particular for the disease of the heart, liver and kidneys. There was a slightly increasing trend in this category of diseases (index 1.16), which was confirmed to be highly significant. The occurrence of respiratory diseases was also high (21.21%), showing the trend of slight decrease (index 0.88), which was nevertheless highly significant. The cases of emergency slaughter were reflected in the total number of condemnations in porcine carcasses (27.56%). This figure showed long-term increase (index 1.19), which was confirmed to be highly significant. It can be concluded that appropriate measures are necessary for the improvement of health status of pigs and reduction of numbers of emergency slaughters. Such measures should be in particular aimed at prevention of musculoskeletal diseases.

scholarly journals Computational Modelling of the Interaction of Gold Nanoparticle with Lung Surfactant Monolayer

MRS Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (20) ◽  
pp. 1177-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheikh I. Hossain ◽  
Neha S. Gandhi ◽  
Zak E. Hughes ◽  
Suvash C. Saha
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Lung Surfactant ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Normal Lung ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Compression And Expansion ◽  
Modelling Studies ◽  
Dynamics Simulations

ABSTRACTLung surfactant (LS), a thin layer of phospholipids and proteins inside the alveolus of the lung is the first biological barrier to inhaled nanoparticles (NPs). LS stabilizes and protects the alveolus during its continuous compression and expansion by fine-tuning the surface tension at the air-water interface. Previous modelling studies have reported the biophysical function of LS monolayer and its role, but many open questions regarding the consequences and interactions of airborne nano-sized particles with LS monolayer remain. In spite of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) having a paramount role in biomedical applications, the understanding of the interactions between bare AuNPs (as pollutants) and LS monolayer components still unresolved. Continuous inhalation of NPs increases the possibility of lung ageing, reducing the normal lung functioning and promoting lung malfunction, and may induce serious lung diseases such as asthma, lung cancer, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and more. Different medical studies have shown that AuNPs can disrupt the routine lung functions of gold miners and promote respiratory diseases. In this work, coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations are performed to gain an understanding of the interactions between bare AuNPs and LS monolayer components at the nanoscale. Different surface tensions of the monolayer are used to mimic the biological process of breathing (inhalation and exhalation). It is found that the NP affects the structure and packing of the lipids by disordering lipid tails. Overall, the analysed results suggest that bare AuNPs impede the normal biophysical function of the lung, a finding that has beneficial consequences to the potential development of treatments of various respiratory diseases.

scholarly journals Estimating the global burden of thalassogenic diseases: human infectious diseases caused by wastewater pollution of the marine environment

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hillel Shuval
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Filter Feeding ◽  
The World ◽  
Wastewater Pollution

This paper presents a preliminary attempt at obtaining an order-of-magnitude estimate of the global burden of disease (GBD) of human infectious diseases associated with swimming/bathing in coastal waters polluted by wastewater, and eating raw or lightly steamed filter-feeding shellfish harvested from such waters. Such diseases will be termed thalassogenic—caused by the sea. Until recently these human health effects have been viewed primarily as local phenomena, not generally included in the world agenda of marine scientists dealing with global marine pollution problems. The massive global scale of the problem can be visualized when one considers that the wastewater and human body wastes of a significant portion of the world's population who reside along the coastline or in the vicinity of the sea are discharged daily, directly or indirectly, into the marine coastal waters, much of it with little or no treatment. Every cubic metre of raw domestic wastewater discharged into the sea can carry millions of infectious doses of pathogenic microorganisms. It is estimated that globally, foreign and local tourists together spend some 2 billion man-days annually at coastal recreational resorts and many are often exposed there to coastal waters polluted by wastewater. Annually some 800 million meals of potentially contaminated filter-feeding shellfish/bivalves and other sea foods, harvested in polluted waters are consumed, much of it raw or lightly steamed. A number of scientific studies have shown that swimmers swallow significant amounts of polluted seawater and can become ill with gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases from the pathogens they ingest. Based on risk assessments from the World Health Organization (WHO) and academic research sources the present study has made an estimate that globally, each year, there are in excess of 120 million cases of gastrointestinal disease and in excess of 50 million cases of more severe respiratory diseases caused by swimming and bathing in wastewater-polluted coastal waters. Filter-feeding shellfish/bivalves, which are often harvested from wastewater-polluted areas of the sea, can effectively filter out and concentrate the microbial pathogens in the seawater. It can be roughly estimated that annually there are some 4 million cases of infectious hepatitis A and E (HAV/HEV), with some 40 thousand deaths and 40 thousand cases of long-term disability, mainly chronic liver damage, from consuming raw or lightly steamed filter-feeding shellfish/molluscs harvested globally from polluted coastal waters. The total global health impact of the thalassogenic diseases—human infectious diseases associated with pathogenic microorganisms from land-based wastewater pollution of the seas—is estimated to be about 3 million ‘disability-adjusted life years’ (DALY)/year, with an estimated economic loss of some 12 billion dollars per year. Due to the preliminary nature of the estimates in this study it is appropriate to assume that all of the above figures are no more than first approximations and that the true figures may be 50% higher or lower. Nevertheless, it is the author's belief that this study indicates that wastewater pollution of the sea results in a multi-billion dollar per year health burden and that preventing wastewater pollution of the sea is worthy of inclusion on the global agenda of marine pollution prevention and control.

scholarly journals YEARS OF HARD WORK AND SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY. MILESTONE FEATURE ARTICLE WITH RESPECT TO KHABAROVSK RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY OF ROSPOTREBNADZOR

2017 ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
O.E. Trotsenko ◽  
T.V. Korita ◽  
A.P. Bondarenko
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Feature Article ◽  
Epidemiological Analysis ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Institute

The timeline of formation and development of the Khabarovsk Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Rospotrebnadzor, one of the earliest research institutes of epidemiological specialty in Russian Federation, are presented. The institute was found in 1925. In more than 90-year history of the research institute activity were formed main priority research areas relevant for the territory and country such as research on epidemiology, etiology, immunology of anthroponosis and zoonosis concerning Russian Far East – HIV-infection and viral hepatitis, insectborne and zoonotic infectious diseases, gelminthoses and parasitic diseases, intestinal bacterial and viral infections, respiratory diseases. Research institute has made a considerable contribution in development of vaccines and serum-based preparations, improvement of epidemiological analysis approach and methods, diagnosis and prophylaxis of infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Targeting Host Defense System and Rescuing Compromised Mitochondria to Increase Tolerance against Pathogens by Melatonin May Impact Outcome of Deadly Virus Infection Pertinent to COVID-19

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (19) ◽  
pp. 4410
Author(s):  
Dun-Xian Tan ◽  
Ruediger Hardeland
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Mitochondrial Functions ◽  
Seasonal Flu ◽  
Host Defense System ◽  
The Warburg Effect

Fighting infectious diseases, particularly viral infections, is a demanding task for human health. Targeting the pathogens or targeting the host are different strategies, but with an identical purpose, i.e., to curb the pathogen’s spreading and cure the illness. It appears that targeting a host to increase tolerance against pathogens can be of substantial advantage and is a strategy used in evolution. Practically, it has a broader protective spectrum than that of only targeting the specific pathogens, which differ in terms of susceptibility. Methods for host targeting applied in one pandemic can even be effective for upcoming pandemics with different pathogens. This is even more urgent if we consider the possible concomitance of two respiratory diseases with potential multi-organ afflictions such as Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and seasonal flu. Melatonin is a molecule that can enhance the host’s tolerance against pathogen invasions. Due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory activities, melatonin has the capacity to reduce the severity and mortality of deadly virus infections including COVID-19. Melatonin is synthesized and functions in mitochondria, which play a critical role in viral infections. Not surprisingly, melatonin synthesis can become a target of viral strategies that manipulate the mitochondrial status. For example, a viral infection can switch energy metabolism from respiration to widely anaerobic glycolysis even if plenty of oxygen is available (the Warburg effect) when the host cell cannot generate acetyl-coenzyme A, a metabolite required for melatonin biosynthesis. Under some conditions, including aging, gender, predisposed health conditions, already compromised mitochondria, when exposed to further viral challenges, lose their capacity for producing sufficient amounts of melatonin. This leads to a reduced support of mitochondrial functions and makes these individuals more vulnerable to infectious diseases. Thus, the maintenance of mitochondrial function by melatonin supplementation can be expected to generate beneficial effects on the outcome of viral infectious diseases, particularly COVID-19.

Regional Authorities and Local Self-Government Bodies of the Terek Region in the Fight against Infectious Diseases and Epidemics in the Late 19th — Early 20th Century

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10 (108)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Svetlana Khubulova
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
East Central ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Mechanism Of Interaction ◽  
Regional Authorities ◽  
Regions Of Russia

The article attempts to study the causes of the spread of infectious diseases in the Terek region at the turn of the 19th — 20th centuries, as well as the activities of local authorities aimed at the localization of epidemics. The causes, nature and dynamics of these processes in different years are studied. It is revealed that the causes of epidemics of typhus, cholera, plague and other dangerous diseases for humans include both the natural and climatic conditions of the population, and the “seasonal” nature associated with active migration from the East, Central Asia and the inner regions of Russia through the territory of the Terek region. Thanks to the newly introduced archival documents, it was possible to reconstruct the mechanism of interaction between state bodies and public initiatives to improve the sanitary and epidemic situation in the region.

The problem of reducing and eliminating infectious diseases in the TASSR

1982 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
D. Sh. Enaleeva ◽  
M. I. Goncharova
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Complete Data ◽  
Soviet Republic ◽  
Relapsing Fever ◽  
General Picture ◽  
Cholera Epidemic

From the first days of the existence of the young Soviet Republic, along with economic devastation, it was threatened by an equally insidious enemy - epidemics that covered vast territories and reached extraordinary intensity. In the general picture of social upheavals of that time, epidemics occupied one of the first places. Only in the Tatar Republic in 1920, according to far from complete data, there were about 3 thousand patients with smallpox, 90 thousand patients with typhus, 14 thousand patients with relapsing fever. In Kazan in 1917-1919. 54% of workers have had malaria. In 1921, a cholera epidemic affected 12 thousand people, of whom 40% died.

scholarly journals From Vaccine Vector to Oncomodulation: Understanding the Complex Interplay between CMV and Cancer

Vaccines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole A. Wilski ◽  
Christopher M. Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Promote Tumor Growth ◽  
Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Human Primate

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a herpesvirus that establishes a persistent, but generally asymptomatic, infection in most people in the world. However, CMV drives and sustains extremely large numbers of antigen-specific T cells and is, therefore, emerging as an exciting platform for vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer. Indeed, pre-clinical data strongly suggest that CMV-based vaccines can sustain protective CD8+ T cell and antibody responses. In the context of vaccines for infectious diseases, substantial pre-clinical studies have elucidated the efficacy and protective mechanisms of CMV-based vaccines, including in non-human primate models of various infections. In the context of cancer vaccines, however, much less is known and only very early studies in mice have been conducted. To develop CMV-based cancer vaccines further, it will be critical to better understand the complex interaction of CMV and cancer. An array of evidence suggests that naturally-acquired human (H)CMV can be detected in cancers, and it has been proposed that HCMV may promote tumor growth. This would obviously be a concern for any therapeutic cancer vaccines. In experimental models, CMV has been shown to play both positive and negative roles in tumor progression, depending on the model studied. However, the mechanisms are still largely unknown. Thus, more studies assessing the interaction of CMV with the tumor microenvironment are needed. This review will summarize the existing literature and major open questions about CMV-based vaccines for cancer, and discuss our hypothesis that the balance between pro-tumor and anti-tumor effects driven by CMV depends on the location and the activity of the virus in the lesion.

scholarly journals Progress in Vaccine-Preventable and Respiratory Infectious Diseases—First 10 Years of the CDC National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, 2006–2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1178-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Schuchat ◽  
Larry J. Anderson ◽  
Lance E. Rodewald ◽  
Nancy J. Cox ◽  
Rana Hajjeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Infectious Diseases
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