scholarly journals APPLICATION OF EXCTRACTION METHOD FOR POLLUTED WITH OIL PRODUCT SOIL TREATMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (0) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Simona Dolinaitė ◽  
Dainius Paliulis
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Soil Treatment ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Extraction Solvent ◽  
Solvent Type ◽  
The Cost

The article analyzes the ways of the access of oil into the soil and the possible ways of soil treatment that allow the removal of oil and its products from the soil matrix. The extraction method is one of the most effective ways to treat soil contaminated by oil products ex-situ, which is why the cost of cleaning is higher than the in-situ method, because ex-situ exhausting requires the soil to crop, transport, store, etc., of the contaminated layer. Despite the higher cost of ex-situ cleaning, the efficiency of cleaning is higher and the time taken to remove oil from the soil is shorter. Lithuania did not apply the extraction method to clean soil contaminated with petroleum products (NP), although the method has a rather high efficiency. The article analyzes the dependence of extraction efficiency of oil product (motor oil) on extraction time, extraction solvent type, NP concentration and extraction solvent content.

scholarly journals Black Soldier Fly Larval Valorization Benefitting from Ex-Situ Fungal Fermentation in Reducing Coconut Endosperm Waste

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 275
Author(s):  
Chung Yiin Wong ◽  
Kunlanan Kiatkittipong ◽  
Worapon Kiatkittipong ◽  
Seteno K. O. Ntwampe ◽  
Man Kee Lam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Correlation Study ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Waste Reduction ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Rhizopus Oligosporus ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
The Cost

Oftentimes, the employment of entomoremediation to reduce organic wastes encounters ubiquitous shortcomings, i.e., ineffectiveness to valorize recalcitrant organics in wastes. Considering the cost-favorability, a fermentation process can be employed to facilitate the degradation of biopolymers into smaller organics, easing the subsequent entomoremediation process. However, the efficacy of in situ fermentation was found impeded by the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) in the current study to reduce coconut endosperm waste (CEW). Indeed, by changing into ex situ fermentation, in which the fungal Rhizopus oligosporus was permitted to execute fermentation on CEW prior to the larval feeding, the reduction of CEW was significantly enhanced. In this regard, the waste reduction index of CEW by BSFL was almost doubled as opposed to in situ fermentation, even with the inoculation of merely 0.5 wt % of Rhizopus oligosporus. Moreover, with only 0.02 wt % of fungal inoculation size to execute the ex situ fermentation on CEW, it could spur BSFL growth by about 50%. Finally, from the statistical correlation study using principal component analysis, the presence of Rhizopus oligosporus in a range of 0.5–1.0 wt % was regarded as optimum to ferment CEW via ex situ mode, prior to the valorization by BSFL in reducing the CEW.

Study on the Extraction and Purification of Microcystins (MC-LR)

2011 ◽  
Vol 340 ◽  
pp. 318-323
Author(s):  
Wen Yi Zhang ◽  
Ning Han ◽  
Li Rong Yao ◽  
Xiao Lan Qiu ◽  
Xiao Liang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
Taihu Lake ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Solvent Concentration ◽  
Purification Method ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Extraction Solvent ◽  
Extraction And Purification

The MC-LR from the the blue-green algae of Taihu Lake was extracted, at the same time, a set of microcystins extraction method with methanol as extraction solvent and purification method with C18-SPE as purification workstations were established. The extraction solvent concentration, extraction time, extraction solvent amount, leacheate concentration and eluent concentration were used to research the extraction efficiency of MC-LR. Finally, 80% methanol was used to wash microcytins to make MC-LR high purity and the purity was over 85%. This research presented a method of low cost and high efficiency. It provided the foundation for the further research of microcytins.

scholarly journals In situ recombination junction between p-Si and TiO2enables high-efficiency monolithic perovskite/Si tandem cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. eaau9711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heping Shen ◽  
Stefan T. Omelchenko ◽  
Daniel A. Jacobs ◽  
Sisir Yalamanchili ◽  
Yimao Wan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Atomic Layer ◽  
Optical Losses ◽  
Layer Deposition ◽  
Solar Electricity ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Recombination Junction ◽  
Processing Steps

Increasing the power conversion efficiency of silicon (Si) photovoltaics is a key enabler for continued reductions in the cost of solar electricity. Here, we describe a two-terminal perovskite/Si tandem design that increases the Si cell’s output in the simplest possible manner: by placing a perovskite cell directly on top of the Si bottom cell. The advantageous omission of a conventional interlayer eliminates both optical losses and processing steps and is enabled by the low contact resistivity attainable between n-type TiO2and Si, established here using atomic layer deposition. We fabricated proof-of-concept perovskite/Si tandems on both homojunction and passivating contact heterojunction Si cells to demonstrate the broad applicability of the interlayer-free concept. Stabilized efficiencies of 22.9 and 24.1% were obtained for the homojunction and passivating contact heterojunction tandems, respectively, which could be readily improved by reducing optical losses elsewhere in the device. This work highlights the potential of emerging perovskite photovoltaics to enable low-cost, high-efficiency tandem devices through straightforward integration with commercially relevant Si solar cells.

scholarly journals In-situ generation of large numbers of genetic combinations for metabolic reprogramming via CRISPR-guided base editing

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Wang ◽  
Haijiao Cheng ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Ye Liu ◽  
Xiao Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Library Size ◽  
Base Editing ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Multigene Expression

AbstractReprogramming complex cellular metabolism requires simultaneous regulation of multigene expression. Ex-situ cloning-based methods are commonly used, but the target gene number and combinatorial library size are severely limited by cloning and transformation efficiencies. In-situ methods such as multiplex automated genome engineering (MAGE) depends on high-efficiency transformation and incorporation of heterologous DNA donors, which are limited to few microorganisms. Here, we describe a Base Editor-Targeted and Template-free Expression Regulation (BETTER) method for simultaneously diversifying multigene expression. BETTER repurposes CRISPR-guided base editors and in-situ generates large numbers of genetic combinations of diverse ribosome binding sites, 5’ untranslated regions, or promoters, without library construction, transformation, and incorporation of DNA donors. We apply BETTER to simultaneously regulate expression of up to ten genes in industrial and model microorganisms Corynebacterium glutamicum and Bacillus subtilis. Variants with improved xylose catabolism, glycerol catabolism, or lycopene biosynthesis are respectively obtained. This technology will be useful for large-scale fine-tuning of multigene expression in both genetically tractable and intractable microorganisms.

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in marine sediment under denitrifying conditions

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 177-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean D. MacRae ◽  
Kenneth J. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Marine Sediment ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Bottom Fish ◽  
The Cost

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) are common environmental pollutants that have been linked to cancerous lesions in bottom fish. In this research, the feasibility of using nitrate as an alternative electron acceptor to stimulate PAH-degradation in anoxic marine sediment was investigated. PAH could be degraded under denitrifying conditions as long as other nutrients were not limiting. The half lives of low molecular weight PAH ranged from approximately 33-88 days. Degradation of high molecular weight PAH was slower, or not observed. Half lives ranged from 143-812 days. Nitrate may be applied to sediments in situ or used in bioreactors to reduce the cost of bioremediation operations ex situ.

Optimization of In-situ and Ex-situ doped p+ Passivating Contact for High Efficiency p-TOPCon Solar Cell Application

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wook-Jin Choi ◽  
Keeya Madani ◽  
Ying-Yuan Huang ◽  
Aditi Jain ◽  
Young-Woo Ok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cell ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Solar Cell Application

An in situ and ex situ TEM study of the formation of thin cobalt silicide films by molecular beam epitaxy on the silicon (100) surface

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 884-885
Author(s):  
D. Loretto ◽  
J. M. Gibson ◽  
S. M. Yalisove ◽  
R. T. Tung
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Beam Epitaxy ◽  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Defect Density ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Ultra High Vacuum ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Metal Base ◽  
In Situ Experiments ◽  
Potential Applications

The cobalt disilicide/silicon system has potential applications as a metal-base and as a permeable-base transistor. Although thin, low defect density, films of CoSi2 on Si(111) have been successfully grown, there are reasons to believe that Si(100)/CoSi2 may be better suited to the transmission of electrons at the silicon/silicide interface than Si(111)/CoSi2. A TEM study of the formation of CoSi2 on Si(100) is therefore being conducted. We have previously reported TEM observations on Si(111)/CoSi2 grown both in situ, in an ultra high vacuum (UHV) TEM and ex situ, in a conventional Molecular Beam Epitaxy system.The procedures used for the MBE growth have been described elsewhere. In situ experiments were performed in a JEOL 200CX electron microscope, extensively modified to give a vacuum of better than 10-9 T in the specimen region and the capacity to do in situ sample heating and deposition. Cobalt was deposited onto clean Si(100) samples by thermal evaporation from cobalt-coated Ta filaments.

The use of transmission and analytical electron microscopy in studying reactions and phase transformations in thin film

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 842-843
Author(s):  
K. Barmak
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Phase Transformations ◽  
Analytical Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Multilayer Thin Films ◽  
Absolute Concentration ◽  
Analytical Electron ◽  
Deposition Step

Generally, processing of thin films involves several annealing steps in addition to the deposition step. During the annealing steps, diffusion, transformations and reactions take place. In this paper, examples of the use of TEM and AEM for ex situ and in situ studies of reactions and phase transformations in thin films will be presented.The ex situ studies were carried out on Nb/Al multilayer thin films annealed to different stages of reaction. Figure 1 shows a multilayer with dNb = 383 and dAl = 117 nm annealed at 750°C for 4 hours. As can be seen in the micrograph, there are four phases, Nb/Nb3-xAl/Nb2-xAl/NbAl3, present in the film at this stage of the reaction. The composition of each of the four regions marked 1-4 was obtained by EDX analysis. The absolute concentration in each region could not be determined due to the lack of thickness and geometry parameters that were required to make the necessary absorption and fluorescence corrections.

Transmission Electron Microscopy of Epitaxial silicides grown by ultra high vacuum deposition

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 462-463
Author(s):  
D. Loretto ◽  
J. M. Gibson ◽  
S. M. Yalisove
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Electron ◽  
Ultra High Vacuum ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Transmission Electron

The silicides CoSi2 and NiSi2 are both metallic with the fee flourite structure and lattice constants which are close to silicon (1.2% and 0.6% smaller at room temperature respectively) Consequently epitaxial cobalt and nickel disilicide can be grown on silicon. If these layers are formed by ultra high vacuum (UHV) deposition (also known as molecular beam epitaxy or MBE) their thickness can be controlled to within a few monolayers. Such ultrathin metal/silicon systems have many potential applications: for example electronic devices based on ballistic transport. They also provide a model system to study the properties of heterointerfaces. In this work we will discuss results obtained using in situ and ex situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM).In situ TEM is suited to the study of MBE growth for several reasons. It offers high spatial resolution and the ability to penetrate many monolayers of material. This is in contrast to the techniques which are usually employed for in situ measurements in MBE, for example low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), which are both sensitive to only a few monolayers at the surface.

Atomic Layer Deposition of LiF and Lithium Ion Conducting (AlF3)(LiF)x Alloys Using Trimethylaluminum, Lithium Hexamethyldisilazide and Hydrogen Fluoride

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Younghee Lee ◽  
Daniela M. Piper ◽  
Andrew S. Cavanagh ◽  
Matthias J. Young ◽  
Se-Hee Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Atomic Layer ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Alloy Film ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Layer Deposition ◽  
Ion Conducting ◽  
Good Agreement

<div>Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of LiF and lithium ion conducting (AlF<sub>3</sub>)(LiF)<sub>x</sub> alloys was developed using trimethylaluminum, lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS) and hydrogen fluoride derived from HF-pyridine solution. ALD of LiF was studied using in situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and in situ quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) at reaction temperatures between 125°C and 250°C. A mass gain per cycle of 12 ng/(cm<sup>2</sup> cycle) was obtained from QCM measurements at 150°C and decreased at higher temperatures. QMS detected FSi(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> as a reaction byproduct instead of HMDS at 150°C. LiF ALD showed self-limiting behavior. Ex situ measurements using X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) showed a growth rate of 0.5-0.6 Å/cycle, in good agreement with the in situ QCM measurements.</div><div>ALD of lithium ion conducting (AlF3)(LiF)x alloys was also demonstrated using in situ QCM and in situ QMS at reaction temperatures at 150°C A mass gain per sequence of 22 ng/(cm<sup>2</sup> cycle) was obtained from QCM measurements at 150°C. Ex situ measurements using XRR and SE showed a linear growth rate of 0.9 Å/sequence, in good agreement with the in situ QCM measurements. Stoichiometry between AlF<sub>3</sub> and LiF by QCM experiment was calculated to 1:2.8. XPS showed LiF film consist of lithium and fluorine. XPS also showed (AlF<sub>3</sub>)(LiF)x alloy consists of aluminum, lithium and fluorine. Carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen impurities were both below the detection limit of XPS. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) observed that LiF and (AlF<sub>3</sub>)(LiF)<sub>x</sub> alloy film have crystalline structures. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and ionic chromatography revealed atomic ratio of Li:F=1:1.1 and Al:Li:F=1:2.7: 5.4 for (AlF<sub>3</sub>)(LiF)<sub>x</sub> alloy film. These atomic ratios were consistent with the calculation from QCM experiments. Finally, lithium ion conductivity (AlF<sub>3</sub>)(LiF)<sub>x</sub> alloy film was measured as σ = 7.5 × 10<sup>-6</sup> S/cm.</div>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document