A Clock Stabilization System for CHIME/FRB Outriggers

Abstract The Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME) has emerged as the prime telescope for detecting fast radio bursts (FRBs). CHIME/FRB Outriggers will be a dedicated very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) instrument consisting of outrigger telescopes at continental baselines working with CHIME and its specialized real-time transient-search backend (CHIME/FRB) to detect and localize FRBs with 50 mas precision. In this paper, we present a minimally invasive clock stabilization system that effectively transfers the CHIME digital backend reference clock from its original GPS-disciplined ovenized crystal oscillator to a passive hydrogen maser. This enables us to combine the long-term stability and absolute time tagging of the GPS clock with the short- and intermediate-term stability of the maser to reduce the clock timing errors between VLBI calibration observations. We validate the system with VLBI-style observations of Cygnus A over a 400 m baseline between CHIME and the CHIME Pathfinder, demonstrating agreement between sky-based and maser-based timing measurements at the 30 ps rms level on timescales ranging from one minute to up to nine days, and meeting the stability requirements for CHIME/FRB Outriggers. In addition, we present an alternate reference clock solution for outrigger stations that lack the infrastructure to support a passive hydrogen maser.

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LONG-TERM STABILITY ANALYSIS OF ACOUSTIC ABSORBING BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences ◽

10.1142/s0218202513500280 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 23 (11) ◽

pp. 2129-2154 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

HÉLÈNE BARUCQ ◽

JULIEN DIAZ ◽

VÉRONIQUE DUPRAT

Keyword(s):

Stability Analysis ◽

Boundary Conditions ◽

Absorbing Boundary Conditions ◽

Computational Domain ◽

Acoustic Wave Equation ◽

Absorbing Boundary ◽

Term Stability ◽

Long Term Stability ◽

The Stability

This work deals with the stability analysis of a one-parameter family of Absorbing Boundary Conditions (ABC) that have been derived for the acoustic wave equation. We tackle the problem of long-term stability of the wave field both at the continuous and the numerical levels. We first define a function of energy and show that it is decreasing in time. Its discrete form is also decreasing under a Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) condition that does not depend on the ABC. Moreover, the decay rate of the continuous energy can be determined: it is exponential if the computational domain is star-shaped and this property can be illustrated numerically.

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Fabrication of Boron Compensated Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Films with Significantly Improved Stability Using Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-377-45 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 377 ◽

Author(s):

Mohan K. Bhan

Keyword(s):

Chemical Vapor ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Stability ◽

Long Term Stability ◽

Vapor Deposition Technique ◽

Improved Stability ◽

Donor Acceptor ◽

B Doping ◽

The Stability

ABSTRACTWe have systematically investigated the effects of addition of sub-ppm levels of boron on the stability of a-Si:H films and p-i-n devices, deposited by PE-CVD technique. The films thus produced with appropriate amounts of boron, show a significant improvement in stability, when soaked under both AM 1.5 (short-term) as well as 10×sun (long-term) illumination conditions. The opto-electronic properties of the films are quite respectable It is concluded that boron compensates the native impurities by forming donor-acceptor pairs, which reduces the “fast” defects and hence the initial degradation of the films. It is also speculated that boron may also be improving the short-term stability, by reducing the recombination of light generated electrons and holes, by converting D° into D+ states. The long-term stability appears to get affected by hydrogen dilution which seems to reduce the amount of “slow” defects. As a result of B doping of i-layer, the initial conversion efficiency of the devices decreases. It is presumed that our devices may contain an enhanced level of boron impurity, than expected, making them as worse material and to degrade less.

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Long-Term Stability Comparison between an Original and a Generic Version of Piperacillin/Tazobactam in Dextrose 5 % Infusion Polyolefin Bags at 5 ± 3 °C after Microwave Freeze-Thaw Treatment

Pharmaceutical Technology in Hospital Pharmacy ◽

10.1515/pthp-2018-0014 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 143-151

Author(s):

Sophie Huvelle ◽

Marie Godet ◽

Laurence Galanti ◽

Mélanie Closset ◽

Benoît Bihin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Generic Version ◽

Generic Product ◽

Brand Name ◽

Term Stability ◽

Long Term Stability ◽

Ph Values ◽

Lower Confidence ◽

The Stability ◽

Aseptic Conditions

AbstractBackgroundPiperacillin-Tazobactam is frequently infused in hospitals. The use of a generic version was considered after the out of stock of the brand name Tazocin®. The stability of 4 g of Tazocin®in 120 mL of dextrose 5 % (D5) was demonstrated during 35 days at 5 °C ± 3 °C after freezing (−20 °C) and microwave thawing (FMT). The aim of the study was to investigate and compare the long-term stability of Tazocin®and a generic product in the same conditions.MethodsFive polyolefin bags of 4 g of Piperacillin/Tazobactam®Sandoz and 5 bags of 4 g of Tazocin®were prepared under aseptic conditions in 120 mL of D5 and stored 3 months at 20 °C then thawed and stored 58 days at 5 ± 3 °C.Spectrophotometric absorbance at different wavelengths, pH measurement, visual and microscopic observations were also performed.The concentrations were measured by HPLC, at 211 nm for tazobactam and 230 nm for piperacilline.ResultsNo significant change in pH values or optic densities, no crystals were detected. The lower confidence limit at 95 % of the concentration for the solutions remains superior to 90 % of the initial concentration until 58 days of storage at 5 ± 3 °C.ConclusionUnder these conditions, 4 g/120 mL of Piperacillin/Tazobactam®Sandoz or Tazocin®in D5 infusion in polyolefin bags remains stable at least for 58 days at 5 ± 3 °C after FMT

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Long-Term Stability of Lorazepam in Sodium Chloride 0.9% Stored at Different Temperatures in Different Containers

Hospital Pharmacy ◽

10.1177/0018578719836649 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 188-192

Author(s):

M. L. Colsoul ◽

A. Breuer ◽

N. Goderniaux ◽

J. D. Hecq ◽

L. Soumoy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Management ◽

High Performance ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Color Change ◽

Storage Period ◽

Term Stability ◽

Long Term Stability ◽

Glass Bottles ◽

The Stability

Background and Objective: Infusion containing lorazepam is used by geriatric department to limit anxiety disorders in the elderly. Currently, these infusions are prepared according to demand by the nursing staff, but the preparation in advance in a centralized service could improve quality of preparation and time management. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term stability of this infusion in polypropylene syringes stored at 5 ± 3°C. Then, results obtained were compared with stability data of lorazepam in syringes stored at room temperature, glass bottles at 5 ± 3°C, and glass bottles at room temperature. Method: Eight syringes and 6 bottles of infusion were prepared by diluting 1 mL lorazepam 4 mg in 23 mL of NaCl 0.9% under aseptic conditions. Five syringes and 3 bottles were stored at 5 ± 3°C and 3 syringes and 3 bottles were stored at room temperature for 30 days. During the storage period, particle appearance or color change were periodically checked by visual and microscope inspection. Turbidity was assessed by measurements of optical density (OD) at 3 wavelengths (350 nm, 410 nm, 550 nm). The stability of pH was also evaluated. The lorazepam concentrations were measured at each time point by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector at 220 nm. Results: Solutions were physically unstable in syringes at 5 ± 3°C after 4 days: crystals and a drop of OD at 350 nm were observed. However, pH was stable. After 2 days, solutions were considered as chemically unstable because a loss of lorazepam concentration higher than 10% was noticed: the lower 1-sided confidence limit at 95% was below 90% of the initial concentration. To assess temperature and polypropylene influence, results were compared with those obtained for syringes at room temperature and bottles at 5 ± 3°C and room temperature. Precipitation, drop of OD at 350 nm, and chemical instability were observed in all conditions. Conclusion: Solutions of lorazepam were unstable after 2 days in syringes at 5 ± 3°C. Preparation in advance appears, therefore, not possible for the clinical use. Storage conditions (temperature and form) do not improve the stability.

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Chemical Robotics Enabled Exploration of Stability and Photoluminescent Behavior in Multicomponent Hybrid Perovskites via Machine Learning

10.26434/chemrxiv.12436079.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kate Higgins ◽

Sai Mani Valleti ◽

Maxim Ziatdinov ◽

Sergei Kalinin ◽

Mahshid Ahmadi

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Optimization Methods ◽

Combinatorial Synthesis ◽

Ambient Conditions ◽

Term Stability ◽

Long Term Stability ◽

Composition Space ◽

Materials Research ◽

The Stability

Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites have attracted immense interest as a promising material for the next-generation solar cells; however, issues regarding long-term stability still require further study. Here, we develop automated experimental workflow based on combinatorial synthesis and rapid throughput characterization to explore long-term stability of these materials in ambient conditions, and apply it to four model perovskite systems: MAxFAyCs1-x-yPbBr3, MAxFAyCs1-x-yPbI3, (CsxFAyMA1-x-yPb(Brx+yI1-x-y)3) and (CsxMAyFA1-x-yPb(Ix+yBr1-x-y)3). We also develop a machine learning-based workflow to quantify the evolution of each system as a function of composition based on overall changes in photoluminescence spectra, as well as specific peak positions and intensities. We find the stability dependence on composition to be extremely non-uniform within the composition space, suggesting the presence of potential preferential compositional regions. This proposed workflow is universal and can be applied to other perovskite systems and solution-processable materials. Furthermore, incorporation of experimental optimization methods, e.g., those based on Gaussian Processes, will enable the transition from combinatorial synthesis to guide materials research and optimization.

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Strategic improvement of the long-term stability of perovskite materials and perovskite solar cells

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics ◽

10.1039/c6cp04553g ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (39) ◽

pp. 27026-27050 ◽

Cited By ~ 84

Author(s):

Tingting Xu ◽

Lixin Chen ◽

Zhanhu Guo ◽

Tingli Ma

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Theoretical Calculations ◽

Perovskite Solar Cells ◽

Experimental Tests ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Term Stability ◽

Long Term Stability ◽

Perovskite Materials ◽

The Stability

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent strategies aimed at enhancing the long-term stability of perovskite materials and perovskite solar cells (PSCs). It also extensively discusses the stability problem of perovskite materials and PSCs from perspectives of experimental tests and theoretical calculations.

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STABILITY OF NEARLY-INTEGRABLE SYSTEMS WITH DISSIPATION

International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos ◽

10.1142/s0218127413500363 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 23 (02) ◽

pp. 1350036 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

CHRISTOPH LHOTKA ◽

ALESSANDRA CELLETTI

Keyword(s):

Dynamical System ◽

Vector Field ◽

Stability Behavior ◽

Term Stability ◽

Long Term Stability ◽

Nearly Integrable Systems ◽

The Stability ◽

Two Parameters ◽

Action Variables

We study the stability of a vector field associated to a nearly-integrable Hamiltonian dynamical system to which a dissipation is added. Such a system is governed by two parameters, namely the perturbing and dissipative parameters, and it depends on a drift function. Assuming that the frequency of motion satisfies some resonance assumption, we investigate the stability of the dynamics, and precisely the variation of the action variables associated to the conservative model. According to the structure of the vector field, one can find linear and long-term stability times, which are established under smallness conditions of the parameters. We also provide some applications to concrete examples, which exhibit a linear or long-term stability behavior.

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Experimental Devices to Investigate the Long-Term Stability of Phase Change Materials under Application Conditions

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10227968 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (22) ◽

pp. 7968

Author(s):

Christoph Rathgeber ◽

Stefan Hiebler ◽

Rocío Bayón ◽

Luisa F. Cabeza ◽

Gabriel Zsembinszki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phase Change ◽

Thermal Energy ◽

Phase Change Materials ◽

Term Stability ◽

Long Term Stability ◽

Wide Range ◽

Solidification Processes ◽

The Stability ◽

Solid Liquid

An important prerequisite to select a reliable phase change material (PCM) for thermal energy storage applications is to test it under application conditions. In the case of solid–liquid PCM, a large amount of thermal energy can be stored and released in a small temperature range around the solid–liquid phase transition. Therefore, to test the long-term stability of solid–liquid PCM, they are subjected to melting and solidification processes taking into account the conditions of the intended application. In this work, 18 experimental devices to investigate the long-term stability of PCM are presented. The experiments can be divided into thermal cycling stability tests, tests on PCM with stable supercooling, and tests on the stability of phase change slurries (PCS). In addition to these experiments, appropriate methods to investigate a possible degradation of the PCM are introduced. Considering the diversity of the investigated devices and the wide range of experimental parameters, further work toward a standardization of PCM stability testing is recommended.

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