Commensal and virulent Escherichia coli strains of vaginal origin are reservoirs of resistance cassettes in class 1 integrons

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli, one of the causal agents of aerobic vaginitis, leads to the persistence of the infection. The investigation of integrons acquires relevance, since they are elements that are responsible for the acquisition of resistance to antibiotics. The aim of this work was to describe the structural diversity of class 1 integrons in virulent and commensal strains of E. coli isolated from patients with vaginal infection. Methodology: Ninety-two strains of E. coli were isolated from patients with aerobic vaginitis. Resistance profile against 19 antibiotics and class 1 integrons were detected by PCR. The identity and arrangement of cassettes was determined by sequencing. ERIC-PCR assays were carried out in strains with identical arrays. Finally, genotyping by Clermont algorithm and serotyping were performed. Seventeen strains showed integrons located in plasmids. Results: Ten different gene cassette arrays were identified in 30 strains of E. coli. Cassettes corresponding to genes coding for adenylyltransferases (aadA), dihydrofolate reductases (dfrA), and oxacillinases (blaOXA) were detected. Array dfrA17-aadA5 was predominantly prevalent over the other arrays identified. Phylogenetic group A was the most predominant, followed by group B2 and D. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the presence of E. coli of vaginal origin carrying class 1 integrons, which are main genetic elements of capture of resistance genes, with the possibility of capturing new resistance cassettes. These evidences should serve for the modification of protocols in the diagnosis and treatment of aerobic vaginitis, and the development of policies for the rational use of antimicrobials.

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Integron Expression in Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from House Flies within the Hospital

Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) ◽

10.48048/wjst.2019.6286 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. 319-327

Author(s):

Atchariya YOSBOONRUANG ◽

Anong KIDDEE ◽

Chatsuda BOONDUANG ◽

Phannarai PIBALPAKDEE

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Hospital Environment ◽

Sequencing Analysis ◽

Class 1 Integron ◽

House Flies ◽

E Coli ◽

Class 1 Integrons ◽

Class 1

Escherichia coli is a serious cause of a variety of hospital-acquired infections and commonly contributes to the environment by house flies. Integrons, particularly class 1 integrons, are the genetic elements that play an important role in the horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance mechanism. This mechanism is commonly found in Enterobacteriaceae, especially E. coli. In this study, we aim to investigate the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of E. coli isolated from the house flies in Phayao hospital and to determine the gene expression of class 1 integrons in those isolates of E. coli. Totally, 70 isolates of E. coli were isolated from 60 house flies collected from the hospital. Fifty-seven of the isolates (81.43 %) were multidrug resistance (MDR) and highly resistant to b-lactams, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides. Of 57 isolates of MDR-E. coli, 20 isolates (35 %) were found to carry class 1 integron genes. Fifteen patterns of antimicrobial resistance occurred in the isolates of integron-positive E. coli. Most integron-positive E. coli isolates were resistant to 7 antimicrobials. Two isolates of these bacteria (10 %) were able to resist 13 out of 14 tested antimicrobials. Using PCR and sequencing analysis, an investigation showed that dfrA17-aadA5, dfrA12-aadA2 gene cassette was the most prevalent cassette (n = 10; 50 %) among the integron-positive E. coli isolates. Our results indicated that the presences of multidrug resistance and class 1 integrons were common in E. coli isolated from the houseflies in hospital. Therefore, screening for integron-positive E. coli from the hospital environment might be necessary for prevention of nosocomial infections.

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Antimicrobial Resistance, Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Productivity, and Class 1 Integrons in Escherichia coli from Healthy Swine

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-445 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 78 (8) ◽

pp. 1442-1450 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

KANJANA CHANGKAEW ◽

APIRADEE INTARAPUK ◽

FUANGFA UTRARACHKIJ ◽

CHIE NAKAJIMA ◽

ORASA SUTHIENKUL ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Intestinal Flora ◽

Class 1 Integron ◽

Potential Health ◽

Gene Cassettes ◽

E Coli ◽

Class 1 Integrons ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Class 1

Administration of antimicrobials to food-producing animals increases the risk of higher antimicrobial resistance in the normal intestinal flora of these animals. The present cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate antimicrobial susceptibility and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)–producing strains and to characterize class 1 integrons in Escherichia coli in healthy swine in Thailand. All 122 of the tested isolates had drug-resistant phenotypes. High resistance was found to ampicillin (98.4% of isolates), chloramphenicol (95.9%), gentamicin (78.7%), streptomycin (77.9%), tetracycline (74.6%), and cefotaxime (72.1%). Fifty-four (44.3%) of the E. coli isolates were confirmed as ESBL-producing strains. Among them, blaCTX-M (45 isolates) and blaTEM (41 isolates) were detected. Of the blaCTX-M-positive E. coli isolates, 37 carried the blaCTX-M-1 cluster, 12 carried the blaCTX-M-9 cluster, and 5 carried both clusters. Sequence analysis revealed blaTEM-1, blaTEM-135, and blaTEM-175 in 38, 2, and 1 isolate, respectively. Eighty-seven (71%) of the 122isolates carried class 1 integrons, and eight distinct drug-resistance gene cassettes with seven different integron profiles were identified in 43 of these isolates. Gene cassettes were associated with resistance to aminoglycosides (aadA1, aadA2, aadA22, or aadA23), trimethoprim (dfrA5, dfrA12, or dfrA17), and lincosamide (linF). Genes encoding β-lactamases were not found in class 1 integrons. This study is the first to report ESBL-producing E. coli with a class 1 integron carrying the linF gene cassette in swine in Thailand. Our findings confirm that swine can be a reservoir of ESBL-producing E. coli harboring class 1 integrons, which may become a potential health risk if these integrons are transmitted to humans. Intensive analyses of animal, human, and environmental isolates are needed to control the spread of ESBL-producing E. coli strains.

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Antibiotic Resistance and Characteristics of Integrons in Escherichia coli Isolated from Penaeus vannamei at a Freshwater Shrimp Farm in Zhejiang Province, China

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-444 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 82 (3) ◽

pp. 470-478 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

HUI CHENG ◽

HAN JIANG ◽

JIEHONG FANG ◽

CHENG ZHU

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Insertion Sequence ◽

Zhejiang Province ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Penaeus Vannamei ◽

Shrimp Farm ◽

E Coli ◽

Class 1 Integrons ◽

Class 1

ABSTRACT Our study was conducted to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility profiles, integrons and their associated gene cassettes (GCs), and insertion sequence common regions of Escherichia coli isolates from Penaeus vannamei collected at a large-scale freshwater shrimp farm in Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China. A total of 182 E. coli isolates were identified from 200 samples. With the exception of imipenem, isolates were most commonly resistant to β-lactams, followed by tetracylines and sulfonamides. Fifty-two (28.6%) E. coli isolates were classified as multidrug resistant, and the patterns were highly diverse, with 29 types represented. The multiple-antibiotic resistance indices of the isolates were 0.17 to 0.56; 9.3% (17) of the 182 isolates were positive for class 1 integrons, 0.5% (1 isolate) was positive for class 2 integrons, and an insertion sequence common region 1 element was found upstream of the intI1 (integrase) gene in one of the intI1-positive isolates. Four GC arrays were detected in class 1 integrons, and one GC array was detected in class 2 integrons. Although the overall prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in P. vannamei was lower than that previously reported for poultry and livestock farms in China, concerns about the inappropriate use of antibiotics and the transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in aquaculture were raised. Alternative approaches to reducing or replacing the use of antibiotics should be further studied.

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Antimicrobial Resistance and Association with Class 1 Integrons in Escherichia coli Isolated from Turkey Meat Products

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-71.8.1679 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 71 (8) ◽

pp. 1679-1684 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

M. L. KHAITSA ◽

J. OLOYA ◽

D. DOETKOTT ◽

R. KEGODE

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Population Attributable Fraction ◽

Meat Products ◽

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

E Coli ◽

Class 1 Integrons ◽

Turkey Meat ◽

Class 1

The objective of this study was to quantify the role of class 1 integrons in antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from turkey meat products purchased from retail outlets in the Midwestern United States. Of 242 E. coli isolates, 41.3% (102 of 242) tested positive for class 1 integrons. A significant association was shown between presence of class 1 integrons in E. coli isolates and the resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin, sulfisoxazole, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Attributable risk analysis revealed that for every 100 E. coli isolates carrying class 1 integrons, resistance was demonstrated for ampicillin (22%), gentamycin (48%), streptomycin (29%), sulfisoxazole (40%), trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (7%), and tetracycline (26%). Non–integron-related antimicrobial resistance was demonstrated for ampicillin (65%), gentamycin (16.9%), streptomycin (42.1%), sulfisoxazole (35.8%), and tetracycline (49.7%). Population-attributable fraction analysis showed that class 1 integrons accounted for the following resistances: gentamycin, 71% (50 of 71), amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, 19.6% (6 of 33), nalidixic acid, 34% (7 of 21), streptomycin, 28% (30 of 107), sulfisoxazole, 38% (40 of 106), and tetracycline, 14%, (26 of 185). In conclusion, although class 1 integrons have been implicated in resistance to antimicrobial agents, other non–integron resistance mechanisms seem to play an important part.

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Presence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli in Ready-to-Eat Foods in Shaanxi, China

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-175 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 80 (3) ◽

pp. 420-424 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Allah Bux Baloch ◽

Hua Yang ◽

Yuqing Feng ◽

Meili Xi ◽

Qian Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Shiga Toxin ◽

Shaanxi Province ◽

Future Research ◽

E Coli ◽

Class 1 Integrons ◽

Toxin Genes ◽

Class 1 ◽

Shiga Toxin Genes ◽

Cooked Meat

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the presence and characteristics of Escherichia coli in ready-to-eat (RTE) foods. A total of 300 RTE foods samples were collected in Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China: 50 samples of cooked meat, 165 samples of vegetable salad, 50 samples of cold noodles, and 35 samples of salted boiled peanuts. All samples were collected during summer (in July to October) 2011 and 2012 and surveyed for the presence of E. coli. E. coli isolates recovered were classified by phylogenetic typing using a PCR assay. The presence of Shiga toxin genes 1 (stx1) and 2 (stx2) was determined for these E. coli isolates by PCR, and all isolates were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence of class 1 integrons. Overall, 267 (89.0%) RTE food samples were positive for E. coli: 49 cold noodle, 46 cooked meat, 150 salad vegetable, and 22 salted boiled peanut samples. Of the 267 E. coli isolates, 73.0% belong to phylogenetic group A, 12.4% to group B1, 6.4% to group B2, and 8.2% to group D. All isolates were negative for both Shiga toxin genes. Among the isolates, 74.2% were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, and 17.6% were resistant to three or more antimicrobial agents. Resistance to ampicillin (75.6% of isolates) and tetracycline (73.1% of isolates) was most frequently detected; 26.2% of E. coli isolates and 68.8% of multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates were positive for class 1 integrons. All isolates were sensitive to amikacin. Our findings indicate that RTE foods in Shaanxi were commonly contaminated with antibiotic-resistant E. coli, which may pose a risk for consumer health and for transmission of antibiotic resistance. Future research is warranted to track the contamination sources and develop appropriate steps that should be taken by government, industry, and retailers to reduce microbial contamination in RTE foods.

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Diversity of Gene Cassette Promoter Variants of Class 1 Integrons in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli

Current Microbiology ◽

10.1007/s00284-013-0399-1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 67 (5) ◽

pp. 543-549 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Quhao Wei ◽

Xiaofei Jiang ◽

Min Li ◽

Gang Li ◽

Qingfeng Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Gene Cassette ◽

Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽

Class 1 Integrons ◽

Class 1

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Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Shrimps and Their Environment

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-510 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 77 (8) ◽

pp. 1394-1401 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

KANJANA CHANGKAEW ◽

FUANGFA UTRARACHKIJ ◽

KANOKRAT SIRIPANICHGON ◽

CHIE NAKAJIMA ◽

ORASA SUTHIENKUL ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Class 1 Integrons ◽

Class 1 ◽

Resistance Rates ◽

Drug Resistant Strains ◽

Shrimp Farms

Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria associated with food and water is a global concern. To survey the risk, 312 Escherichia coli isolates from shrimp farms and markets in Thailand were examined for susceptibility to 10 antimicrobials. The results showed that 17.6% of isolates (55 of 312) were resistant to at least one of the tested drugs, and high resistance rates were observed to tetracycline (14.4%; 45 of 312), ampicillin (8.0%; 25 of 312), and trimethroprim (6.7%; 21 of 312); 29.1% (16 of 55) were multidrug resistant. PCR assay of the tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), tet(D), tet(E), and tet(G) genes detected one or more of these genes in 47 of the 55 resistant isolates. Among these genes, tet(A) (69.1%; 38 of 55) was the most common followed by tet(B) (56.4%; 31 of 55) and tet(C) (3.6%; 2 of 55). The resistant isolates were further investigated for class 1 integrons. Of the 55 resistant isolates, 16 carried class 1 integrons and 7 carried gene cassettes encoding trimethoprim resistance (dfrA12 or dfrA17) and aminoglycosides resistance (aadA2 or aadA5). Two class 1 integrons, In54 (dfrA17-aadA5) and In27 (dfrA12-orfF-aadA2), were found in four and three isolates, respectively. These results indicate a risk of drug-resistant E. coli contamination in shrimp farms and selling places. The occurrence of multidrug-resistant E. coli carrying tet genes and class 1 integrons indicates an urgent need to monitor the emergence of drug-resistant E. coli to control the dissemination of drug-resistant strains and the further spread of resistance genes to other pathogenic bacteria.

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Multidrug resistance and high prevalence of class 1 integrons in Escherichia coli isolated from waters and vegetables in Nsukka and Enugu, Nigeria

10.1101/2020.01.06.895748 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chinyere B. Chigor ◽

Ini-Abasi I. Ibangha ◽

Nkechinyere O. Nweze ◽

Chizoba A. Ozochi ◽

Valentino C. Onuora ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Drug Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Multi Drug Resistance ◽

E Coli ◽

Class 1 Integrons ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Class 1

AbstractIn spite of treated wastewater presenting itself as an attractive alternative to scarce quality water in the developing countries, the associated contamination of fresh produce by irrigation waters leading to outbreak of foodborne illnesses is on the rise. Horizontal transfer of integrons play important role in the spread and maintenance of antimicrobial resistance among strains of Escherichia coli. This study assessed the effluents from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka Wastewater Treatment Plant (UNN-WWTP) as well as vegetables irrigated with the effluent, and vegetables sold in selected markets from Nsukka and Enugu cities for the presence of E. coli and determined the prevalence integrons in multidrug-resistant isolates. Isolation of E. coli was done using eosin methylene blue agar and isolates subjected to Gram staining for identification of presumptive colonies. Confirmation of E. coli was achieved by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, targeting beta-glucuronidase (uidA). Resistance to antibiotics was determined using the Bauer-Kirby disk diffusion assay and the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute criteria. Integrons were detected by multiplex PCR using primers specific for class 1 and 2 integrons. A total of 178 E. coli isolates were obtained from WWTP effluent (41), and vegetables from greenhouse (46), farms (55) and market (36). Multi-drug resistance was detected in all the isolates, ranging from five-drug resistance in a single isolate to 16-drug resistance patterns in two different isolates. Of the total isolates, class 1 integrons were abundantly detected in 175 (98.3%) and class 2 in 5 (2.8%). All the class 2 integrons were found in isolates that were positive for class 1. The high detection of E. coli in the studied effluent and vegetables pose potential public health hazards heightened by observed multidrug resistance in all the isolates and the high prevalence of class 1 integron. It is concluded that the vegetable samples are significant reservoirs for potentially pathogenic E. coli. Therefore, vegetable irrigation farming with unsafe water should be discontinued, while appropriate improvement strategies to ensure compliance should be facilitated without further delay.

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Identification and characterization of two novel ISCR1-associated genes dfrA42 and dfrA43 encoding trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductases

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.02010-20 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ling Li ◽

Mengge Zhang ◽

Wenjia Wang ◽

Ruirui Xia ◽

Yanan Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Complex Class ◽

Class 1 Integrons ◽

Class 1 ◽

Dihydrofolate Reductases ◽

High Level ◽

Identification And Characterization

Two novel ISCR1-associated dfr genes, dfrA42 and dfrA43, were identified from trimethoprim (TMP)-resistant Proteus strains and were shown to confer high level TMP resistance (MIC ≥ 1024 mg/L) when cloned into Escherichia coli. These genes were hosted by complex class 1 integrons suggesting their potentials for dissemination. Analysis of enzymatic parameters and TMP affinity were performed, suggesting that the mechanism of TMP resistance for these novel DHFRs is the reduction of binding with TMP.

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