scholarly journals Epidemiological characteristics and pathogens attributable to hand, foot, and mouth disease in Shanghai, 2008–2013

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (06) ◽  
pp. 612-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifei Fu ◽  
Qiao Sun ◽  
Bo Liu ◽  
Hongmei Xu ◽  
Yuanping Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Passive Surveillance System ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Predominant Pathogen ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Introduction: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common childhood illness caused by enteroviruses. A passive surveillance system has been implemented in Shanghai Pudong since 2008 and etiology surveillance since 2009.We characterized the epidemiology and the etiology of HFMD in Pudong from 2008–2013. Methodology: Health care providers were required to report any clinically diagnosed HFMD to Pudong District Center for Disease Control and Prevention. For all severe cases and randomly selected mild HFMD cases, throat or rectal swabs or feces were collected for enterovirus detection by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: A total of 50,149 cases were reported, with average 8,508 per year (range: 3,577–13,202) and average incidence of 167.5/100,000 persons (range: 81.4–254.1/100,000 persons). HFMD was more likely to occur in children under five years of age (85.6%), while severe cases were more likely to happen in children under three years of age (63.9%). Every year in May or June, HFMD peaked in the region; two peaks were observed from 2011 to 2013.The most common etiologic agents are EV71 and CA16.Different types of enterovirus circulate in different years. EV71 was the predominant pathogen in severe cases. The proportions of EV71 in severe cases was higher than in mild cases at the children’s medical center (p<0.001). Conclusions: HFMD remains an important public health issue in Shanghai. HFMD pathogen surveillance is required for more types of enteroviruses besides EV71 and CA16, which would give a better picture of the etiology of HFMD.

scholarly journals Epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Shandong, China, 2009–2016

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Tao Hu ◽  
Dapeng Sun ◽  
Shujun Ding ◽  
Michael J. Carr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

scholarly journals Epidemiological study on hand, foot and mouth disease in Tongzhou District, Beijing, 2013–2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 2615-2625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Feng Liu ◽  
Xiu-Mei Sun ◽  
Xiao-Wei Sun ◽  
Yu-Qing Yang ◽  
Cong-Hui Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Migrant Population ◽  
Enterovirus A71 ◽  
Tongzhou District ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Objective To study the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Tongzhou District, Beijing between 2013 and 2017. Methods Data on HFMD infections from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2017 were collected from the Notifiable Infectious Diseases Reporting Information System and analysed. Serotyping of enteroviruses from samples from patients with HFMD was undertaken using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Results A total of 15 341 patients with HFMD were reported and 32 patients (0.2%) were classified as having severe HFMD. The annual mean incidence rate of HFMD was 219.3/100 000 of the general population. The incidence and case-severity rates of HFMD generally decreased between 2013 and 2017. In the floating migrant population, the incidence and cases-severity rates of HFMD were significantly higher than in the local population. The peak incidence and severity-case rates were at 2 years of age and > 90% of patients were ≤5 years. Enterovirus A71 and Coxsackievirus A16 were the predominant pathogens in 2013–2017. Conclusions During the 5-year period 2013–2017, the incidence rate and case-severity rate of HFMD generally decreased in Tongzhou District, Beijing. The floating migrant population and children ≤5 years of age were at the highest risk of HFMD.

Severe hand, foot and mouth disease in Shenzhen, South China: what matters most?

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (4) ◽  
pp. 776-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. MOU ◽  
M. DAWES ◽  
Y. LI ◽  
Y. HE ◽  
H. MA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Early Use ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

SUMMARYCase report data and a matched case-control study were used to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children in Shenzhen, China between 2008 and 2011. Multivariate analyses were used to evaluate factors associated with severity of infection. Laboratory tests were performed to determine aetiological identification for samples from 163 severe and fatal cases as well as an outpatient-based HFMD sentinel surveillance system (n = 446). All identified EV71 belonged to sub-genotype C4a. No major changes in the CA16 and EV71 viruses were found until the end of 2011. Annual attack rates and the case-severity ratios (CSRs) rose from 0·82/1000 and 0·56/1000, respectively, in 2008 to 2·12/1000 and 6·13/1000 in 2011. The CSR was higher in migrants than in local residents. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of having a severe attack for being a migrant was 2·45, having a fever >39°C (OR 5·77), visiting a private clinic (OR 2·65), longer time from symptom onset to diagnosis (OR 1·49), visiting a doctor (OR 1·51), early use of intramuscular pyrazolone (OR 3·36), early use of intravenous glucocorticoids (OR 2·28), or the combination of both (OR 3·75). The mortality and increasing case severity appears to be associated with socioeconomic factors including migration and is of worldwide concern.

scholarly journals Effect of Meteorological and Geographical Factors on the Epidemics of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Island-Type Territory, East Asia

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Chun David Lee ◽  
Jia-Hong Tang ◽  
Jing-Shiang Hwang ◽  
Mika Shigematsu ◽  
Ta-Chien Chan
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has threatened East Asia for more than three decades and has become an important public health issue owing to its severe sequelae and mortality among children. The lack of effective treatment and vaccine for HFMD highlights the urgent need for efficiently integrated early warning surveillance systems in the region. In this study, we try to integrate the available surveillance and weather data in East Asia to elucidate possible spatiotemporal correlations and weather conditions among different areas from low to high latitude. The general additive model (GAM) was applied to understand the association between HFMD and latitude, as well as meteorological factors for islands in East Asia, namely, Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore, from 2012 to 2014. The results revealed that latitude was the most important explanatory factor associated with the timing and amplitude of HFMD epidemics (P<0.0001). Meteorological factors including higher dew point, lower visibility, and lower wind speed were significantly associated with the rise of epidemics (P<0.01). In summary, weather conditions and geographic location could play some role in affecting HFMD epidemics. Regional integrated surveillance of HFMD in East Asia is needed for mitigating the disease risk.

scholarly journals Weather effects on hand, foot, and mouth disease at individual level: a case-crossover study

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhicheng Du ◽  
Shao Lin ◽  
Tia Marks ◽  
Wangjian Zhang ◽  
Te Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Targeted Prevention ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Lag Effects ◽  
Case Crossover ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Abstract Background Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) raises an urgent public health issue in the Asia-Pacific region, especially in China. The associations between weather factors and HFMD have been widely studied but with inconsistent results. Moreover, previous studies utilizing ecological design could not rule out the bias of exposure misclassification and unobserved confounders. Methods We used case-crossover analysis to assess the associations of weather factors on HFMD. Individual HFMD cases from 2009 to 2012 in Guangdong were collected and cases located within 10 km of the meteorological monitoring sites were included. Lag effects were examined through the previous 7 days. In addition, we explored the variability by changing the distance within 20 km and 30 km. Results We observed associations between HFMD and weather factors, including temperature and relative humidity. An approximately U-shaped relationship was observed for the associations of temperature on HFMD across the same day and the previous 7 days, while an approximately exponential-shaped was seen for relative humidity. Statistically significant increases in rates of HFMD were associated with each 10-unit increases in temperature [Excess rate (ER): 7.7%; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 3.9, 11.7%] and relative humidity (ER: 1.9%; 95% CI: 0.7, 3.0%) on lag days 0–6, when assessing within 10 km of the monitoring sites. Potential thresholds for temperature (30.0 °C) and relative humidity (70.3%) detected showed associations with HFMD. The associations remained robust for 20 km and 30 km. Conclusions Our study found that temperature and relative humidity are significantly associated with the increased rates of HFMD. Thresholds and lag effects were observed between weather factors and HFMD. Our findings are useful for planning on targeted prevention and control of HFMD.

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