scholarly journals Reproductive Health of Women: An Attempt to Define Prevention of Breast Cancer

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Arne N. Gjorgov

Background. On the evidence-based information of breast cancer as a preventable disease, an attempt is made for definition of primary, non-chemical prevention of the epidemic breast cancer. The battle over healthcare reform, besides other priorities, is revolving around women’s issues and health protection too. Aim. To add to the knowledge and to advance the tested concept of the potential for primary (non-chemical) prevention of breast cancer as an epidemic disease. Ultimately, to present from a medical point of view the attempted definition of a preventive contraception against the epidemic breast cancer. Justification. The number of cases and the incidence of breast cancer is in a steady increase worldwide and in our country, Macedonia, (with more than 800 cases, or 76.2 crude rate per 100,000 female population, in 2008), followed by great losses and expenses in human lives, individual and familial sufferings and disasters, and material resources. It could be assessed that no healthcare reform could be achieved successfully as long as the half of the population, women of all ages, is threatened by a real risk of breast cancer as an epidemic disease. The changes in the biological micro-environment and ecosystem of the intimate (sexual) woman-man relations, which is still unknown, reflect gravely upon the health and lives of people, especially women of all ages. Primary (non-chemical) prevention of breast cancer is neither mentioned nor considered in the ongoing debate of healthcare reform, in the scientific literature, and at the conference meeting. Evidence and Discussion. The results of the initial field study and other ecological and experimental studies showed and corroborated the evidence that the mass condomization of women’s sexuality is the root cause of the perplexing emergence and rapid rise of the breast cancer epidemic all over the world along with the occurrence of the AIDS epidemic, after 1981. Prevention of breast cancer rather than programs of mass mammographic screening for early detection of cases of the disease are discussed. The views on contraception and marriage of the main religious denominations in the Western world, which were relevant to the aim of this study, are briefly presented. The negative consequences of screening of the disease and the recent debate of questioning the breast screening programs is discussed.Conclusion. From a medical standpoint, to achieve the suggested primary prevention of the breast cancer epidemic it is necessary to eliminate completely the barrier devices and methods of contraception, the condom use and withdrawal practice. Instead of use of barrier methods, a replacement is to be done by shifting to use of other, non-barrier methods and techniques for fertility-control and family-planning purposes during the reproductive life-span of women, which include: abstention, rhythm, IUDs, OC pills, and tubal ligation.

Author(s):  
Disa Dahlman ◽  
Hedvig Magnusson ◽  
Xinjun Li ◽  
Jan Sundquist ◽  
Kristina Sundquist

Abstract Purpose Breast cancer is one of the most common cancer forms in women and it is often detected by screening. However, women with drug use disorders (DUD) are less likely to be reached by screening programs. In this study, we aimed to investigate breast cancer incidence, mortality and stage at time of diagnosis among women with DUD compared to the general female population in Sweden. Methods We performed a follow-up study based on Swedish national register data for the period January 1997–December 2015. The study was based on 3,838,248 women aged 15–75 years, of whom 50,858 were registered with DUD. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for incident and fatal breast cancer, and cancer stage at time of diagnosis, were calculated for women with and without DUD using Cox regression analysis. Results DUD was associated with incident breast cancer (HR 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–1.14, p = 0.0069), fatal breast cancer (HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.42–1.82, p < 0.001), and stage IV breast cancer, i.e. metastasis at diagnosis (HR 2.06, 95% CI 1.44–2.95, p < 0.001). Conclusions Women with DUD were identified as a risk group for incident, fatal and metastasized breast cancer, which calls for attention from clinicians and policy makers. Cancer screening attendance and other healthcare seeking barriers are likely to affect the risk increase among women who use drugs; however, more research is needed on the underlying mechanisms.


Author(s):  
Marina Kochiyeva

Data on modern methodological approaches that are used in screening for cancer are summarized. General principles of organizing screening studies are examined from the perspective of evidence-based medicine, target population, research methods, and effectiveness of the implemented screening programs for breast cancer, cervical cancer, and colon cancer are determined.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document