scholarly journals Conservation genetics of the vulnerable stone crayfish using DNA barcoding and microsatellites

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leona Lovrenčić ◽  
Lena Bonassin ◽  
Frederic Grandjean ◽  
Chris Austin ◽  
Ivana Maguire
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
Stone Crayfish ◽  
High Level

The stone crayfish Austropotamobius torrentium is a native European freshwater species with significant population declines caused by anthropogenic pressure onto its habitats, climate change and spreading of non-native invasive crayfish and their pathogens. Large-scale DNA barcoding based on sequencing a short fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene revealed this species represents a highly divergent taxon whose evolutionary heritage is preserved in genetically divergent mtDNA phylogroups, with majority of them having restricted distribution ranges. Guarding in mind vanishing populations trends and potential loss of genetic diversity, effective conservation planning and monitoring are needed for ensuring the persistence and long-term survival of this endangered species. Since genetic data are often critical for defining populations for conservation and management purposes, along with DNA barcoding, we employed microsatellites to examine samples of more than 400 individuals from 17 populations across its entire distribution range in Croatia, known as the stone crayfish diversity hot spot. Microsatellite analyses revealed high level of genetic diversity and differentiation among studied populations that grouped according to their geographical position and mtDNA phylogroup. Almost all sampled populations represent a distinct genetic cluster, showing high level of differentiation and reflecting long periods of isolation. Results of genetic characterisation enabled selection of suitable donor populations for future restocking and reintroduction programs. Combination of DNA barcoding and microsatellites provided good insight into genetic diversity and population structure as well as enabled sound conservation programs for this threatened species in Croatia.

Evaluation of rice and sugarcane SSR markers for phylogenetic and genetic diversity analyses in bambooIHBT Publication No. 0732.

Genome ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Sharma ◽  
P. Gupta ◽  
V. Sharma ◽  
A. Sood ◽  
T. Mohapatra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bamboo Species ◽  
Ssr Primers ◽  
Taxonomical Classification ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Diversity Studies

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are valuable tools for many purposes such as phylogenetic, fingerprinting, and molecular breeding studies. However, only a few SSR markers are known and available in bamboo species of the tropics ( Bambusa spp.). Considering that grass genomes have co-evolved and share large-scale synteny, theoretically it should be possible to use the genome sequence based SSR markers of field crops such as rice ( Oryza sativa ) and sugarcane ( Saccharum spp.) for genome analysis in bamboo. To test this, 98 mapped SSR primers representing 12 linkage groups of rice and 20 EST-derived sugarcane SSR primers were evaluated for transferability to 23 bamboo species. Of the tested markers, 44 (44.9%) rice and 15 (75%) sugarcane SSR primers showed repeatable amplification in at least one species of bamboo and thus were successfully utilized for phylogenetic and genetic diversity analyses. Transferred SSR primers revealed complex amplification patterns in bamboo, with an average of 9.62 fragments per primer, indicating a high level of polyploidy and genetic variability in bamboo. Forty-two of these primers (34 rice and 8 sugarcane SSR primers) detected an average of 2.12 unique fragments per primer and thus could be exploited for species identification. Six bamboo SSR primers exhibited cross transferability, to varying degrees, to different bamboo species. The genetic similarity coefficient indicated a high level of divergence at the species level (73%). However, a relatively low level of diversity was observed within species (25% in 20 accessions of Dendrocalamus hamiltonii ). Further, cluster analysis revealed that the major grouping was in accordance with the taxonomical classification of bamboo. Thus, the rice and sugarcane SSRs can be utilized for phylogenetic and genetic diversity studies in bamboo.

scholarly journals First record of the stone crayfish in the Romanian lowlands

2021 ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Marius-Ioan Groza ◽  
Diana Cupșa ◽  
Leona Lovrenčić ◽  
Ivana Maguire
Keyword(s):  
First Record ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Small Stream ◽  
Aphanomyces Astaci ◽  
Invasive Crayfish ◽  
The Face ◽  
Crayfish Population ◽  
Stone Crayfish

The stone crayfish is a native European freshwater species with significant population declines caused by anthropogenic pressure onto its habitats, climate change and spreading of non-indigenous invasive crayfish and their pathogens (e.g., Aphanomyces astaci). We present the first record of an Austropotamobius torrentium population in a small stream from the southern lowlands of Romania, in an area without limestone or karst, known as a typical stone crayfish habitat in this country. No additional populations were found in the neighbouring streams. The mtDNA analysis based on sequencing a short fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene revealed that specimens from this newly discovered population belongs to the most widespread phylogroup of A. torrentium (CSE) and share the same haplotype as the specimens found in Croatia. Unfortunately, this crayfish population has disappeared most likely because of the crayfish plague since pathogen A. astaci was isolated from moribund crayfish. Our study highlights the vulnerability of isolated relic populations in the face of outside stressors.

scholarly journals The creation of a virtual museum contributes to the providing the most effective diagnosis of parasitosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-77
Author(s):  
Mariya M. Aslanova ◽  
Kamala Yu. Kuznetsova ◽  
Angelika V. Zagainova ◽  
Daria V. Rakitina ◽  
Tamari R. Maniya
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Software Module ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Environmental Objects ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Parasitic Pathogens

Conduction. The recognition diagnosis of helminths and protozoa invasion is one of the current and almost unresolved problems in modern parasitology. For the present, the lack of a standardized museum of parasitic pathogens in Russia and abroad complicates a parasitologist’s already hard work. The population urbanization, increased anthropogenic pressure, climate change, and natural disasters lead to the occurrence of favorable conditions for the development, long-term survival, and spread of pathogens of parasitic diseases in various environmental objects. The deterioration of the population socio-economic conditions, the emergence of interethnic conflicts in the world led to large-scale migration flows from countries near and far abroad to Russia, which led to an increase in pathogens circulating in the territory of the Russian Federation. The aim of our research was to improve the methodological support and create virtual slides with the image of larvae and eggs of helminths, as well as cysts and oocysts of pathogenic protozoa recorded on the territory of the Russian Federation based on digital scanner microscopes. Material and methods. The authors used scanner microscopes with the software module “Parasitology.” Results. An up-to-date register of photo images of more than 40 species of parasitic pathogens of medical significance and 53 species of pathogens of parasitic diseases of animals that pose a danger to human life has been delivered. Discussion. The authors are always working on improving the technical characteristics of digital analyzers. Conclusion. Updating the atlas, creating a new advanced gallery of helminth eggs, larvae, cysts, and oocysts of pathogenic protozoa will significantly increase parasitological studies’ effectiveness in sanitation and the analysis of intestinal microbiota.

Social inequality in the evolution of human societies

2019 ◽  
pp. 98-120
Author(s):  
Georgi Derluguian
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Mass Violence ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Tangible Assets ◽  
Transition To Agriculture ◽  
New Institutions ◽  
High Level ◽  
Political Economic

The author develops ideas about the origin of social inequality during the evolution of human societies and reflects on the possibilities of its overcoming. What makes human beings different from other primates is a high level of egalitarianism and altruism, which contributed to more successful adaptability of human collectives at early stages of the development of society. The transition to agriculture, coupled with substantially increasing population density, was marked by the emergence and institutionalisation of social inequality based on the inequality of tangible assets and symbolic wealth. Then, new institutions of warfare came into existence, and they were aimed at conquering and enslaving the neighbours engaged in productive labour. While exercising control over nature, people also established and strengthened their power over other people. Chiefdom as a new type of polity came into being. Elementary forms of power (political, economic and ideological) served as a basis for the formation of early states. The societies in those states were characterised by social inequality and cruelties, including slavery, mass violence and numerous victims. Nowadays, the old elementary forms of power that are inherent in personalistic chiefdom are still functioning along with modern institutions of public and private bureaucracy. This constitutes the key contradiction of our time, which is the juxtaposition of individual despotic power and public infrastructural one. However, society is evolving towards an ever more efficient combination of social initiatives with the sustainability and viability of large-scale organisations.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis Genes Essential for Seedling Viability: Isolation of Insertional Mutants and Molecular Cloning

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 159 (4) ◽  
pp. 1765-1778
Author(s):  
Gregory J Budziszewski ◽  
Sharon Potter Lewis ◽  
Lyn Wegrich Glover ◽  
Jennifer Reineke ◽  
Gary Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Protein Translocation ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Mutant Phenotype ◽  
Lethal Mutant ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
High Level ◽  
Mutant Lines ◽  
Genome Scale

Abstract We have undertaken a large-scale genetic screen to identify genes with a seedling-lethal mutant phenotype. From screening ~38,000 insertional mutant lines, we identified >500 seedling-lethal mutants, completed cosegregation analysis of the insertion and the lethal phenotype for >200 mutants, molecularly characterized 54 mutants, and provided a detailed description for 22 of them. Most of the seedling-lethal mutants seem to affect chloroplast function because they display altered pigmentation and affect genes encoding proteins predicted to have chloroplast localization. Although a high level of functional redundancy in Arabidopsis might be expected because 65% of genes are members of gene families, we found that 41% of the essential genes found in this study are members of Arabidopsis gene families. In addition, we isolated several interesting classes of mutants and genes. We found three mutants in the recently discovered nonmevalonate isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway and mutants disrupting genes similar to Tic40 and tatC, which are likely to be involved in chloroplast protein translocation. Finally, we directly compared T-DNA and Ac/Ds transposon mutagenesis methods in Arabidopsis on a genome scale. In each population, we found only about one-third of the insertion mutations cosegregated with a mutant phenotype.

scholarly journals Development and Evaluation of Geostatistical Methods for Estimating Weather Related Collisions: A Large-Scale Case Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110200
Author(s):  
Andy H. Wong ◽  
Tae J. Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Geostatistical Methods ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
Weather Events

Winter driving conditions pose a real hazard to road users with increased chance of collisions during inclement weather events. As such, road authorities strive to service the hazardous roads or collision hot spots by increasing road safety, mobility, and accessibility. One measure of a hot spot would be winter collision statistics. Using the ratio of winter collisions (WC) to all collisions, roads that show a high ratio of WC should be given a high priority for further diagnosis and countermeasure selection. This study presents a unique methodological framework that is built on one of the least explored yet most powerful geostatistical techniques, namely, regression kriging (RK). Unlike other variants of kriging, RK uses auxiliary variables to gain a deeper understanding of contributing factors while also utilizing the spatial autocorrelation structure for predicting WC ratios. The applicability and validity of RK for a large-scale hot spot analysis is evaluated using the northeast quarter of the State of Iowa, spanning five winter seasons from 2013/14 to 2017/18. The findings of the case study assessed via three different statistical measures (mean squared error, root mean square error, and root mean squared standardized error) suggest that RK is very effective for modeling WC ratios, thereby further supporting its robustness and feasibility for a statewide implementation.

Assessment of genetic variability amongst cultivated populations of Khasi mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) detected by ISSR

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Karishma Kashyap ◽  
Rasika M. Bhagwat ◽  
Sofia Banu
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Inter Simple Sequence Repeat ◽  
Northeast India ◽  
Issr Markers ◽  
Citrus Reticulata ◽  
Brahmaputra Valley ◽  
Indian Food ◽  
Cultivated Populations ◽  
High Level

Abstract Khasi mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is a commercial mandarin variety grown in northeast India and one of the 175 Indian food items included in the global first food atlas. The cultivated plantations of Khasi mandarin grown prominently in the lower Brahmaputra valley of Assam, northeast India, have been genetically eroded. The lack in the efforts for conservation of genetic variability in this mandarin variety prompted diversity analysis of Khasi mandarin germplasm across the region. Thus, the study aimed to investigate genetic diversity and partitioning of the genetic variations within and among 92 populations of Khasi mandarin collected from 10 cultivated sites in Kamrup and Kamrup (M) districts of Assam, India, using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. The amplification of genomic DNA with 17 ISSR primers yielded 216 scorable DNA amplicons of which 177 (81.94%) were polymorphic. The average polymorphism information content was 0.39 per primer. The total genetic diversity (HT = 0.28 ± 0.03) was close to the diversity within the population (HS = 0.20 ± 0.01). A high mean coefficient of gene differentiation (GST = 0.29) reflected a high level of gene flow (Nm = 1.22), indicating high genetic differentiation among the populations. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) showed 78% of intra-population differentiation, 21% among the population and 1% among the districts. The obtained results indicate the existence of a high level of genetic diversity in the cultivated Khasi mandarin populations, indicating the need for preservation of each existing population to revive the dying out orchards in northeast India.

New Harvesting and Curing Techniques in the Production of Breeder's Seed Peanuts1

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-72
Author(s):  
T. A. Coffelt ◽  
F. S. Wright ◽  
J. L. Steele
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Combine Method ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
New Method ◽  
Experimental Equipment ◽  
Harvesting Method ◽  
Curing Methods ◽  
Labor Requirements ◽  
High Level ◽  
Varietal Purity

Abstract A new method of harvesting and curing breeder's seed peanuts in Virginia was initiated that would 1) reduce the labor requirements, 2) maintain a high level of germination, 3) maintain varietal purity at 100%, and 4) reduce the risk of frost damage. Three possible harvesting and curing methods were studied. The traditional stack-pole method satisfied the latter 3 objectives, but not the first. The windrow-combine method satisfied the first 2 objectives, but not the last 2. The direct harvesting method satisfied all four objectives. The experimental equipment and curing procedures for direct harvesting had been developed but not tested on a large scale for seed harvesting. This method has been used in Virginia to produce breeder's seed of 3 peanut varieties (Florigiant, VA 72R and VA 61R) during five years. Compared to the stackpole method, labor requirements have been reduced, satisfactory levels of germination and varietal purity have been obtained, and the risk of frost damage has been minimized.

scholarly journals Molecular analysis of genetic diversity in population of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn in Egypt

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa Hamouda
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Electrophoretic Pattern ◽  
Issr Markers ◽  
Silybum Marianum ◽  
Inter Simple Sequence Repeats ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Dna Pattern ◽  
Pharmaceutical Properties ◽  
High Level ◽  
Rapd And Issr

Abstract Background Silybum marianum L. Gaertn is a medicinal plant of unique pharmaceutical properties in the treatment of liver disorders and diabetic nephropathy. Biochemical (SDS-PAGE) and molecular markers such as randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) technologies were used in this work to detect genetic diversity of 14 collections of Silybum marianum population in Egypt. Results The electrophoretic pattern of seed protein gave different molecular weight bands, ranging from 24 to 111 KDa with the presence of unique bands. RAPD results revealed a high level of polymorphism (73.2%) using 12 RAPD primers, but only eight of them gave reproducible polymorphic DNA pattern. Sixteen primers were used in the ISSR method; only ten of them yielded clearly identifiable bands. The percentage of polymorphism is about 80% of the studied samples. Conclusion The obtained data confirmed that SDS-protein, RAPD, and ISSR markers are important tools for genetic analysis for Silybum marianum and recommended to give accurate results.

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