New Harvesting and Curing Techniques in the Production of Breeder's Seed Peanuts1

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-72
Author(s):  
T. A. Coffelt ◽  
F. S. Wright ◽  
J. L. Steele
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Combine Method ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
New Method ◽  
Experimental Equipment ◽  
Harvesting Method ◽  
Curing Methods ◽  
Labor Requirements ◽  
High Level ◽  
Varietal Purity

Abstract A new method of harvesting and curing breeder's seed peanuts in Virginia was initiated that would 1) reduce the labor requirements, 2) maintain a high level of germination, 3) maintain varietal purity at 100%, and 4) reduce the risk of frost damage. Three possible harvesting and curing methods were studied. The traditional stack-pole method satisfied the latter 3 objectives, but not the first. The windrow-combine method satisfied the first 2 objectives, but not the last 2. The direct harvesting method satisfied all four objectives. The experimental equipment and curing procedures for direct harvesting had been developed but not tested on a large scale for seed harvesting. This method has been used in Virginia to produce breeder's seed of 3 peanut varieties (Florigiant, VA 72R and VA 61R) during five years. Compared to the stackpole method, labor requirements have been reduced, satisfactory levels of germination and varietal purity have been obtained, and the risk of frost damage has been minimized.

Social inequality in the evolution of human societies

2019 ◽  
pp. 98-120
Author(s):  
Georgi Derluguian
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Mass Violence ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Tangible Assets ◽  
Transition To Agriculture ◽  
New Institutions ◽  
High Level ◽  
Political Economic

The author develops ideas about the origin of social inequality during the evolution of human societies and reflects on the possibilities of its overcoming. What makes human beings different from other primates is a high level of egalitarianism and altruism, which contributed to more successful adaptability of human collectives at early stages of the development of society. The transition to agriculture, coupled with substantially increasing population density, was marked by the emergence and institutionalisation of social inequality based on the inequality of tangible assets and symbolic wealth. Then, new institutions of warfare came into existence, and they were aimed at conquering and enslaving the neighbours engaged in productive labour. While exercising control over nature, people also established and strengthened their power over other people. Chiefdom as a new type of polity came into being. Elementary forms of power (political, economic and ideological) served as a basis for the formation of early states. The societies in those states were characterised by social inequality and cruelties, including slavery, mass violence and numerous victims. Nowadays, the old elementary forms of power that are inherent in personalistic chiefdom are still functioning along with modern institutions of public and private bureaucracy. This constitutes the key contradiction of our time, which is the juxtaposition of individual despotic power and public infrastructural one. However, society is evolving towards an ever more efficient combination of social initiatives with the sustainability and viability of large-scale organisations.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis Genes Essential for Seedling Viability: Isolation of Insertional Mutants and Molecular Cloning

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 159 (4) ◽  
pp. 1765-1778
Author(s):  
Gregory J Budziszewski ◽  
Sharon Potter Lewis ◽  
Lyn Wegrich Glover ◽  
Jennifer Reineke ◽  
Gary Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Protein Translocation ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Mutant Phenotype ◽  
Lethal Mutant ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
High Level ◽  
Mutant Lines ◽  
Genome Scale

Abstract We have undertaken a large-scale genetic screen to identify genes with a seedling-lethal mutant phenotype. From screening ~38,000 insertional mutant lines, we identified >500 seedling-lethal mutants, completed cosegregation analysis of the insertion and the lethal phenotype for >200 mutants, molecularly characterized 54 mutants, and provided a detailed description for 22 of them. Most of the seedling-lethal mutants seem to affect chloroplast function because they display altered pigmentation and affect genes encoding proteins predicted to have chloroplast localization. Although a high level of functional redundancy in Arabidopsis might be expected because 65% of genes are members of gene families, we found that 41% of the essential genes found in this study are members of Arabidopsis gene families. In addition, we isolated several interesting classes of mutants and genes. We found three mutants in the recently discovered nonmevalonate isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway and mutants disrupting genes similar to Tic40 and tatC, which are likely to be involved in chloroplast protein translocation. Finally, we directly compared T-DNA and Ac/Ds transposon mutagenesis methods in Arabidopsis on a genome scale. In each population, we found only about one-third of the insertion mutations cosegregated with a mutant phenotype.

scholarly journals A Research on Landslides Automatic Extraction Model Based on the Improved Mask R-CNN

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Peng Liu ◽  
Yongming Wei ◽  
Qinjun Wang ◽  
Jingjing Xie ◽  
Yu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
New Method ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Automatic Extraction ◽  
Emergency Rescue ◽  
Feature Pyramid ◽  
High Level ◽  
Extraction Model

Landslides are the most common and destructive secondary geological hazards caused by earthquakes. It is difficult to extract landslides automatically based on remote sensing data, which is import for the scenario of disaster emergency rescue. The literature review showed that the current landslides extraction methods mostly depend on expert interpretation which was low automation and thus was unable to provide sufficient information for earthquake rescue in time. To solve the above problem, an end-to-end improved Mask R-CNN model was proposed. The main innovations of this paper were (1) replacing the feature extraction layer with an effective ResNeXt module to extract the landslides. (2) Increasing the bottom-up channel in the feature pyramid network to make full use of low-level positioning and high-level semantic information. (3) Adding edge losses to the loss function to improve the accuracy of the landslide boundary detection accuracy. At the end of this paper, Jiuzhaigou County, Sichuan Province, was used as the study area to evaluate the new model. Results showed that the new method had a precision of 95.8%, a recall of 93.1%, and an overall accuracy (OA) of 94.7%. Compared with the traditional Mask R-CNN model, they have been significantly improved by 13.9%, 13.4%, and 9.9%, respectively. It was proved that the new method was effective in the landslides automatic extraction.

Results from a Large-Scale Epidemiologic Look-Back Investigation of Improperly Reprocessed Endoscopy Equipment

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (07) ◽  
pp. 649-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Holodniy ◽  
Gina Oda ◽  
Patricia L. Schirmer ◽  
Cynthia A. Lucero ◽  
Yury E. Khudyakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bloodborne Pathogens ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Viral Testing ◽  
Veterans Affairs Medical Centers ◽  
High Level ◽  
Nose And Throat

Objective.To determine whether improper high-level disinfection practices during endoscopy procedures resulted in bloodborne viral infection transmission.Design.Retrospective cohort study.Setting.Four Veterans Affairs medical centers (VAMCs).Patients.Veterans who underwent colonoscopy and laryngoscopy (ear, nose, and throat [ENT]) procedures from 2003 to 2009.Methods.Patients were identified through electronic health record searches and serotested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Newly discovered case patients were linked to a potential source with known identical infection, whose procedure occurred no more than 1 day prior to the case patient's procedure. Viral genetic testing was performed for case/proximate pairs to determine relatedness.Results.Of 10,737 veterans who underwent endoscopy at 4 VAMCs, 9,879 patients agreed to viral testing. Of these, 90 patients were newly diagnosed with 1 or more viral bloodborne pathogens (BBPs). There were no case/proximate pairings found for patients with either HIV or HBV; 24 HCV case/proximate pairings were found, of which 7 case patients and 8 proximate patients had sufficient viral load for further genetic testing. Only 2 of these cases, both of whom underwent laryngoscopy, and their 4 proximates agreed to further testing. None of the 4 remaining proximate patients who underwent colonoscopy agreed to further testing. Mean genetic distance between the 2 case patients and 4 proximate patients ranged from 13.5% to 19.1%.Conclusions.Our investigation revealed that exposure to improperly reprocessed ENT endoscopes did not result in viral transmission in those patients who had viral genetic analysis performed. Any potential transmission of BBPs from colonoscopy remains unknown.

scholarly journals TreeMerge: a new method for improving the scalability of species tree estimation methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (14) ◽  
pp. i417-i426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin K Molloy ◽  
Tandy Warnow
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Species Tree ◽  
New Method ◽  
Divide And Conquer ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Running Time ◽  
Tree Estimation ◽  
Computationally Intensive ◽  
A Minor

Abstract Motivation At RECOMB-CG 2018, we presented NJMerge and showed that it could be used within a divide-and-conquer framework to scale computationally intensive methods for species tree estimation to larger datasets. However, NJMerge has two significant limitations: it can fail to return a tree and, when used within the proposed divide-and-conquer framework, has O(n5) running time for datasets with n species. Results Here we present a new method called ‘TreeMerge’ that improves on NJMerge in two ways: it is guaranteed to return a tree and it has dramatically faster running time within the same divide-and-conquer framework—only O(n2) time. We use a simulation study to evaluate TreeMerge in the context of multi-locus species tree estimation with two leading methods, ASTRAL-III and RAxML. We find that the divide-and-conquer framework using TreeMerge has a minor impact on species tree accuracy, dramatically reduces running time, and enables both ASTRAL-III and RAxML to complete on datasets (that they would otherwise fail on), when given 64 GB of memory and 48 h maximum running time. Thus, TreeMerge is a step toward a larger vision of enabling researchers with limited computational resources to perform large-scale species tree estimation, which we call Phylogenomics for All. Availability and implementation TreeMerge is publicly available on Github (http://github.com/ekmolloy/treemerge). Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

scholarly journals Revealing the constituents of Egypt’s oldest beer using infrared and mass spectrometry

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. Farag ◽  
Moamen M. Elmassry ◽  
Masahiro Baba ◽  
Renée Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Beer Brewing ◽  
Chemical Signatures ◽  
Chemical Determination ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
High Level ◽  
Beer Production ◽  
First Time ◽  
Detailed Chemical

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the Ancient Egyptians used malted wheat and barley as the main ingredients in beer brewing, but the chemical determination of the exact recipe is still lacking. To investigate the constituents of ancient beer, we conducted a detailed IR and GC-MS based metabolite analyses targeting volatile and non-volatile metabolites on the residues recovered from the interior of vats in what is currently the world’s oldest (c. 3600 BCE) installation for large-scale beer production located at the major pre-pharaonic political center at Hierakonpolis, Egypt. In addition to distinguishing the chemical signatures of various flavoring agents, such as dates, a significant result of our analysis is the finding, for the first time, of phosphoric acid in high level probably used as a preservative much like in modern beverages. This suggests that the early brewers had acquired the knowledge needed to efficiently produce and preserve large quantities of beer. This study provides the most detailed chemical profile of an ancient beer using modern spectrometric techniques and providing evidence for the likely starting materials used in beer brewing.

scholarly journals Equity Effects of Congestion Charges: An Exploratory Analysis with MATSim

2017 ◽  
Vol 2670 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Meyer de Freitas ◽  
Oliver Schuemperlin ◽  
Milos Balac ◽  
Francesco Ciari
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Travel Time Savings ◽  
Time Savings ◽  
Time Changes ◽  
High Level ◽  
Congestion Charging ◽  
Equity Effects

This paper shows an application of the multiagent, activity-based transport simulation MATSim to evaluate equity effects of a congestion charging scheme. A cordon pricing scheme was set up for a scenario of the city of Zurich, Switzerland, to conduct such an analysis. Equity is one of the most important barriers toward the implementation of a congestion charging system. After the challenges posed by equity evaluations are examined, it is shown that agent-based simulations with heterogeneous values of time allow for an increased level of detail in such evaluations. Such detail is achieved through a high level of disaggregation and with a 24-h simulation period. An important difference from traditional large-scale models is the low degree of correlation between travel time savings and welfare change. While traditional equity analysis is based on travel time savings, MATSim shows that choice dimensions not included in traditional models, such as departure time changes, can also play an important role in equity effects. The analysis of the results in light of evidence from the literature shows that agent-based models are a promising tool to conduct more complete equity evaluations not only of congestion charges but also of transport policies in general.

scholarly journals A CloudSat–CALIPSO View of Cloud and Precipitation Properties across Cold Fronts over the Global Oceans

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (17) ◽  
pp. 6743-6762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine M. Naud ◽  
Derek J. Posselt ◽  
Susan C. van den Heever
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cold Front ◽  
Conveyor Belt ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Scale Parameters ◽  
Convective Clouds ◽  
Cold Fronts ◽  
Surface Front ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The distribution of cloud and precipitation properties across oceanic extratropical cyclone cold fronts is examined using four years of combined CloudSat radar and CALIPSO lidar retrievals. The global annual mean cloud and precipitation distributions show that low-level clouds are ubiquitous in the postfrontal zone while higher-level cloud frequency and precipitation peak in the warm sector along the surface front. Increases in temperature and moisture within the cold front region are associated with larger high-level but lower mid-/low-level cloud frequencies and precipitation decreases in the cold sector. This behavior seems to be related to a shift from stratiform to convective clouds and precipitation. Stronger ascent in the warm conveyor belt tends to enhance cloudiness and precipitation across the cold front. A strong temperature contrast between the warm and cold sectors also encourages greater post-cold-frontal cloud occurrence. While the seasonal contrasts in environmental temperature, moisture, and ascent strength are enough to explain most of the variations in cloud and precipitation across cold fronts in both hemispheres, they do not fully explain the differences between Northern and Southern Hemisphere cold fronts. These differences are better explained when the impact of the contrast in temperature across the cold front is also considered. In addition, these large-scale parameters do not explain the relatively large frequency in springtime postfrontal precipitation.

scholarly journals Whole-Genome Phylogenomic Heterogeneity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates with Decreased Cephalosporin Susceptibility Collected in Canada between 1989 and 2013

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Demczuk ◽  
Tarah Lynch ◽  
Irene Martin ◽  
Gary Van Domselaar ◽  
Morag Graham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Genome Comparison ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Genomic Epidemiology ◽  
High Level ◽  
Sequence Types

A large-scale, whole-genome comparison of CanadianNeisseria gonorrhoeaeisolates with high-level cephalosporin MICs was used to demonstrate a genomic epidemiology approach to investigate strain relatedness and dynamics. Although current typing methods have been very successful in tracing short-chain transmission of gonorrheal disease, investigating the temporal evolutionary relationships and geographical dissemination of highly clonal lineages requires enhanced resolution only available through whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Phylogenomic cluster analysis grouped 169 Canadian strains into 12 distinct clades. While someN. gonorrhoeaemultiantigen sequence types (NG-MAST) agreed with specific phylogenomic clades or subclades, other sequence types (ST) and closely related groups of ST were widely distributed among clades. Decreased susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC-DS) emerged among a group of diverse strains in Canada during the 1990s with a variety of nonmosaicpenAalleles, followed in 2000/2001 with thepenAmosaic X allele and then in 2007 with ST1407 strains with thepenAmosaic XXXIV allele. Five genetically distinct ESC-DS lineages were associated withpenAmosaic X, XXXV, and XXXIV alleles and nonmosaic XII and XIII alleles. ESC-DS with coresistance to azithromycin was observed in 5 strains with 23S rRNA C2599T or A2143G mutations. As the costs associated with WGS decline and analysis tools are streamlined, WGS can provide a more thorough understanding of strain dynamics, facilitate epidemiological studies to better resolve social networks, and improve surveillance to optimize treatment for gonorrheal infections.

A New Method Tracing Load-Deflection Equilibrium Path of a Doubly Nonlinear Truss

2012 ◽  
Vol 166-169 ◽  
pp. 68-72
Author(s):  
Shu Tang Liu ◽  
Qi Liang Long
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Equation ◽  
Stiffness Matrix ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Method ◽  
Truss Structure ◽  
Equilibrium Path ◽  
Nodal Coordinates ◽  
Doubly Nonlinear ◽  
Global Stiffness Matrix

A new method tracing the load-deflection equilibrium path of a truss with doubly nonlinearity is proposed. The total global stiffness matrix equation has been formulated in terms of nodal coordinates, iteration formulations has been written through adopting a single control coordinate, so that an new method tracing the load-deflection equilibrium path has been proposed. Analysis results of Star dome truss and Schwedeler dome truss have shown that the proposed method is stable numerically, quick in convergence, high in degree of accuracy and easy in use. The proposed method can be used for large-scale truss structure.

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