scholarly journals Limited evidence for learning in a shuttle box paradigm in crickets (Acheta domesticus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-161
Author(s):  
Kiri Li N. Stauch ◽  
Riley J. Wincheski ◽  
Jonathan Albers ◽  
Timothy E. Black ◽  
Michael S. Reichert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bees ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Acheta Domesticus ◽  
Aversive Learning ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Learning Abilities ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Shuttle Box ◽  
Shock Location ◽  
Shock Grid

Aversive learning has been studied in a variety of species, such as honey bees, mice, and non-human primates. Since aversive learning has been found in some invertebrates and mammals, it will be interesting to know if this ability is shared with crickets. This paper provides data on aversive learning in male and female house crickets (Acheta domesticus) using a shuttle box apparatus. Crickets are an ideal subject for these experiments due to their well-documented learning abilities in other contexts and their readily quantifiable behaviors. The shuttle box involves a two-compartment shock grid in which a ‘master’ cricket can learn to avoid the shock by moving to specific designated locations, while a paired yoked cricket is shocked regardless of its location and therefore cannot learn. Baseline control crickets were placed in the same device as the experimental crickets but did not receive a shock. Male and female master crickets demonstrated some aversive learning, as indicated by spending more time than expected by chance in the correct (no shock) location during some parts of the experiment, although there was high variability in performance. These results suggest that there is limited evidence that the house crickets in this experiment learned how to avoid the shock. Further research with additional stimuli and other cricket species should be conducted to determine if house crickets and other species of crickets exhibit aversive learning.

scholarly journals Conspecific mortality cues mediate associative learning in crickets, Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander M. Shephard ◽  
Vadim Aksenov ◽  
C. David Rollo
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Acheta Domesticus ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Mediated Learning ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Body Extract ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Aversive Behavior

Many terrestrial and aquatic animals learn associations between environmental features and chemical cues of mortality risk (e.g. conspecific alarm pheromones or predator-derived cues), but the chemical nature of the cues that mediate this type of learning are rarely considered. Fatty acid necromones (particularly oleic and linoleic acids) are well established as cues associated with dead or injured conspecifics. Necromones elicit risk aversive behavior across diverse arthropod phylogenies, yet they have not been linked to associative learning. Here, we provide evidence that necromones can mediate associative olfactory learning in an insect by acting as an aversive reinforcement. When house crickets (Achetadomesticus) were forced to inhabit an environment containing an initially attractive odor along with a necromone cue, they subsequently avoided the previously attractive odor and displayed tolerance for an initially unattractive odor. This occurred when crickets were conditioned with linoleic acid but not when they were conditioned with oleic acid. Similar aversive learning occurred when crickets were conditioned with ethanol body extracts composed of male and female corpses combined, as well as extracts composed of female corpses alone. Conditioning with male body extract did not elicit learned aversion in either sex, even though we detected no notable differences in fatty acid composition between male and female body extracts. We suggest that necromone-mediated learning responses might vary depending on synergistic or antagonistic interactions with sex or species-specific recognition cues.

scholarly journals Life course longitudinal growth and risk of knee osteoarthritis at age 53 years: evidence from the 1946 British birth cohort study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A Staines ◽  
Rebecca J Hardy ◽  
Hasmik J Samvelyan ◽  
Kate A Ward ◽  
Rachel Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Knee Osteoarthritis ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Height Gain ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
The Relationship

Objectives To examine the relationship between height gain across childhood and adolescence with knee osteoarthritis in the MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD). Methods Data are from 3035 male and female participants of the NSHD. Height was measured at ages 2, 4, 6, 7, 11 and 15 years, and self-reported at ages 20 and 26 years. Associations between (i) height at each age (ii) height gain during specific life periods (iii) Super-Imposition by Translation And Rotation (SITAR) growth curve variables of height size, tempo and velocity, and knee osteoarthritis at 53 years were tested. Results In sex-adjusted models, taller height at 4 and 6 years were modestly associated with decreased odds of knee osteoarthritis at age 53 (ORs per 1cm increase in height at age 6: 0.97 and age 4: 0.98 (95% CI: 0.95-1.00)). These associations were attenuated after adjustment for potential confounders. Similarly, taller adult achieved height measured at 26 and 53 years of age were associated with decreased odds of knee osteoarthritis (OR per 1cm increase in height: 0.98 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.00)). No associations were found between height gain during specific life periods or the SITAR growth curve variables and odds of knee osteoarthritis. Conclusions There was some limited evidence to suggest that taller height in childhood is associated with decreased odds of knee osteoarthritis at age 53 years in this cohort. This work enhances our understanding of osteoarthritis predisposition and the contribution of life course height to this.

VITAMIN K: A GROWTH FACTOR FOR THE HOUSE CRICKET (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE)

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Acheta Domesticus ◽  
Equimolar Amount ◽  
House Cricket ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Basic Diet ◽  
Effect On Growth

AbstractVitamin K1 added to a basic diet for the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L.), significantly improves growth of male and female larvae. Growth is significantly better with 18.7 μg K1/g than it is with an equimolar amount of vitamin E. Unlike vitamin E, however, vitamin K1 is without effect on reproduction. Vitamins K3 and K5, and coumarin, have no effect or a slightly inhibiting effect on growth, and no effect on reproduction.

Uses of Feedback in Computer-Assisted Instruction in Developing Psychomotor Skills Related to Heavy Machinery Operation

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey R. Phillips ◽  
Jan Berkhout
Keyword(s):  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Computer Assisted Instruction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Psychomotor Skills ◽  
Learning Abilities ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Road Speed ◽  
Performance Patterns ◽  
Assisted Instruction

A study was performed to determine the relative effectiveness of different formats of computer assisted instruction (CAI) in teaching a psychomotor performance task. A control group combining male and female subjects received instruction based on the study of written materials and unstructured practice sessions on a heavy transmission gear-shifting task. No significant differences were found between male and female performance patterns and learning abilities under control conditions. Two experimental groups, both restricted to males, were trained under similar practice conditions with the addition of computer monitoring of performance and feedback of supplemental information to the students. One group received terminal feedback of numerical performance quality scores following each trial. The other group received continuous feedback of an analytic display (a display of nominal road speed against elapsed time in the form of an X-Y plot) concurrent with each trial. Both experimental groups were tested for retention of skills after transitioning to a non-feedback performance environment. Both forms of computer assisted instruction proved to be significantly superior to the control teaching procedure.

scholarly journals Inkberry, Ilex glabra

EDIS ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Debbie Miller ◽  
Mack Thetford ◽  
Chris Verlinde ◽  
Gabriel Campbell ◽  
Ashlynn Smith
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bees ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Dune Restoration ◽  
Florida Panhandle

Inkberry is found throughout Florida and more broadly west to Texas and northeast to the Canadian border. Fruits attract birds and other wildlife but are not edible to humans. Flowers attract pollinators, including honey bees. Plant male and female plants in order to sustain fruit production.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/sg171 This publication is derived from information in SGEB-75/SG156, Dune Restoration and Enhancement for the Florida Panhandle, by Debbie Miller, Mack Thetford, Christina Verlinde, Gabriel Campbell, and Ashlynn Smith. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/sg156.

Channelling the Divine

2020 ◽  
pp. 74-101
Author(s):  
Bronwen Neil
Keyword(s):  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Privileged Access ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Early Islamic ◽  
Female Saints ◽  
Holy Place

This chapter surveys pagan, Christian, and early Islamic attitudes to dream divination and oracles, and the associated practice of incubation at shrines that continued from Antiquity in a religious guise. Divine messages received in oracular dreams in the pagan, Judaeo-Christian, Graeco-Roman, and early Islamic traditions required specialist interpreters and specific locations for gaining privileged access to the divine. It shows how the pagan practices of consulting oracles and sleeping at shrines were adopted and adapted by Byzantine Christians and early Muslims. The first half of the chapter deals with the pagan and monotheist reliance on oracles. Oracles came in many shapes and sizes, but one thing they had in common across the various religious traditions was a starring role for women. Oracles were usually delivered in a state of ecstatic frenzy, the sign of possession by a god or a demon. The process of dream incubation also involved visitations by a god or a saint, gained by sleeping at a holy place, temple, or shrine. The second half of the chapter examines pagan records of the practice of incubation, before discussing how this tradition was transformed in the miracle collections of male and female saints in the Byzantine milieu, where it attained spiritual overtones. The limited evidence for incubation in the Talmud will be treated, as well as early Islamic incubation practices.

scholarly journals The Effects of E-Cigarette Vapor Components on the Morphology and Function of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 6152
Author(s):  
Kamila Szumilas ◽  
Paweł Szumilas ◽  
Anna Grzywacz ◽  
Aleksandra Wilk
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Hormonal Balance ◽  
Human Reproductive ◽  
And Function ◽  
Female Reproductive Organs

E-cigarettes, a comparatively new phenomenon, are regarded as a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes. They are increasingly popular among adolescents of both sexes, and many smokers use e-cigarettes in their attempts to quit smoking. There is little understanding of the effects of exposure to e-cigarette vapors on human reproductive health, human development, or the functioning of the organs of the male and female reproductive systems. Data on the effects of the exposure were derived mainly from animal studies, and they show that e-cigarettes can affect fertility. Here, we review recent studies on the effects of exposure to e-cigarettes on facets of morphology and function in the male and female reproductive organs. E-cigarettes, even those which are nicotine-free, contain many harmful substances, including endocrine disruptors, which disturb hormonal balance and morphology and the function of the reproductive organs. E-cigarettes cannot be considered a completely healthy alternative to smoking. As is true for smoking, deleterious effects on the human reproductive system from vaping are likely, from the limited evidence to date.

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