scholarly journals Conspecific mortality cues mediate associative learning in crickets, Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander M. Shephard ◽  
Vadim Aksenov ◽  
C. David Rollo
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Acheta Domesticus ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Mediated Learning ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Body Extract ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Aversive Behavior

Many terrestrial and aquatic animals learn associations between environmental features and chemical cues of mortality risk (e.g. conspecific alarm pheromones or predator-derived cues), but the chemical nature of the cues that mediate this type of learning are rarely considered. Fatty acid necromones (particularly oleic and linoleic acids) are well established as cues associated with dead or injured conspecifics. Necromones elicit risk aversive behavior across diverse arthropod phylogenies, yet they have not been linked to associative learning. Here, we provide evidence that necromones can mediate associative olfactory learning in an insect by acting as an aversive reinforcement. When house crickets (Achetadomesticus) were forced to inhabit an environment containing an initially attractive odor along with a necromone cue, they subsequently avoided the previously attractive odor and displayed tolerance for an initially unattractive odor. This occurred when crickets were conditioned with linoleic acid but not when they were conditioned with oleic acid. Similar aversive learning occurred when crickets were conditioned with ethanol body extracts composed of male and female corpses combined, as well as extracts composed of female corpses alone. Conditioning with male body extract did not elicit learned aversion in either sex, even though we detected no notable differences in fatty acid composition between male and female body extracts. We suggest that necromone-mediated learning responses might vary depending on synergistic or antagonistic interactions with sex or species-specific recognition cues.

Caprenin 1. Digestion, Absorption, and Rearrangement in Thoracic Duct-Cannulated Rats

1991 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Webb ◽  
R. A. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Caprenin (CAP) is a triglyceride that primarily contains caprylic (C8:0), capric (C10:0), and behenic (C22:0) acids. This study was undertaken to determine whether or not CAP is qualitatively digested, absorbed, and rearranged like other dietary fats and oils that contain these medium-chain and very long-chain fatty acids. In vitro results showed that neat CAP, coconut oil (CO) and peanut oil (PO) were hydrolyzed by porcine pancreatic lipase. All of the neat triglycerides also were digested in vivo by both male and female rats. This was shown by the recovery of significantly more extractable lymphatic fat than with fat-free control animals and by the recovery of orally administered triglyceride-derived fatty acids in lymph triglycerides. However, substantially more PO (74%) and CO (51%) were recovered in lymph relative to CAP (10%). These quantitative differences are consistent with the fatty acid composition of each triglyceride and primary routes of fatty acid uptake. The 24-h lymphatic recovery of CAP-derived C8:0, C10:0, and C22:0 averaged 3.9%, 17.8%, and 11.2%, respectively, for male and female rats. The C8:0 and C10:0 results approximated those obtained with CO (2.0% and 16.3%, respectively). In contrast, the 24-h absorbability of C22:0 in CAP was significantly less than that seen in PO (55.4%). Finally, there was no evidence of significant rearrangement of the positions of fatty acids on glycerol during digestion and absorption. Those fatty acids recovered in lymphatic fat tended to occupy the same glyceride positions that they did in the neat administered oils. However, the lymph fats recovered from all animals dosed with fat emulsions were enriched with endogenous lymph fatty acids. It is concluded that CAP is qualitatively digested, absorbed, and processed like any dietary fat or oil that contains medium-chain and very long-chain fatty acids.

scholarly journals Studies on the male and female copulatory apparatus of Trichuris globulosa (Nematoda, Trichuridae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kaur ◽  
C. Duggal
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Copulatory Apparatus ◽  
Electron Microscopical ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractThe process of copulation in Trichuris globulosa (see Linstow, 1901) Ransom, 1911 has been studied using morphological, histological and scanning electron microscopical techniques (Keilley et al., 1973). The ventral coiling of the posterior part of the male body around the female is achieved by specialized muscles of the ventral body-wall. The single simple pointed spicule emerges with the everting cirrus and acquires a J-shape. The spicule may help in keeping apart the cuticular brim of the non-spiny noneversible part of the vagina during insemination. The cloacal tube is long with a detached internal cuticle which is eversible to the outside as a cirrus. Eversion is brought about by the protrusion of the spicule and contraction of the muscles of the spicule pouch. During eversion part of the proximal cloacal tube is also extruded and forms the globular part of the cirrus. The globular part is covered with spines, which may help in retaining the male and female in copula. The vagina is differentiated into the proximal vagina uterine and distal vagina vera. The vagina vera has a distal eversible spiny part and a proximal noneversible unarmed part. In Trichuris globulosa, the vagina vera is shorter than the spicule.

The Spawning of Echinus Esculentus and Some Changes in Gonad Composition

1931 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-150
Author(s):  
F. C. STOTT
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sea Temperature ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Simultaneous Decrease ◽  
Post Spawning ◽  
Food Reserves ◽  
Inshore Migration

1. The spring inshore migration of Echinus at Port Erin in 1930 started in early February and reached its maximum in the middle of March. Mature gonads were found at the end of February and throughout March and early April. At the end of June all gonads examined were spent. The sea temperature throughout this period was observed. It is probable that May was the chief month in which natural spawning took place. 2. A cycle of changes in the composition of the gonad are recorded from November 1929 to July 1930. The chief of these are: (a) In the males an increase in percentage dry weight as the gonads mature ; the opposite taking place in the females. (b) A large and simultaneous decrease in percentage glycogen in both male and female gonads prior to spawning followed by a great post-spawning increase. The fatty acid content does not alter with the maturation of the gonad, but an indication is given that an increase in the percentage of carbohydrates other than glycogen occurs. Hence it is suggested that glycogen is transformed in the maturing gonad into carbohydrate food reserves for the ripe eggs and sperm.

Effects of different attractants and human scent on mesocarnivore detection at camera traps

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 338
Author(s):  
Bracy W. Heinlein ◽  
Rachael E. Urbanek ◽  
Colleen Olfenbuttel ◽  
Casey G. Dukes
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Camera Trap ◽  
Camera Traps ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Capture Success ◽  
Affect Detection ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract ContextCamera traps paired with baits and scented lures can be used to monitor mesocarnivore populations, but not all attractants are equally effective. Several studies have investigated the efficacy of different attractants on the success of luring mesocarnivores to camera traps; fewer studies have examined the effect of human scent at camera traps. AimsWe sought to determine the effects of human scent, four attractants and the interaction between attractants and human scent in luring mesocarnivores to camera traps. Methods We compared the success of synthetic fermented egg (SFE), fatty acid scent (FAS) tablets, castor oil, and sardines against a control of no attractant in luring mesocarnivores to camera traps. We deployed each attractant and the control with either no regard to masking human scent or attempting to restrict human scent for a total of 10 treatments, and replicated treatments eight to nine times in two different phases. We investigated whether: (1) any attractants increased the probability of capturing a mesocarnivore at a camera trap; (2) not masking human scent affected the probability of capturing a mesocarnivore at a camera trap; and (3) any attractants increased the probability of repeat detections at a given camera trap. We also analysed the behaviour (i.e. speed and distance to attractant) of each mesocarnivore in relation to the attractants. Key resultsSardines improved capture success compared with the control treatments, whereas SFE, castor oil, and FAS tablets had no effect when all mesocarnivores were included in the analyses. Masking human scent did not affect detection rates in the multispecies analyses. Individually, the detection of some species depended on the interactions between masking (or not masking) human scent and some attractants. ConclusionsSardines were the most effective as a broad-based attractant for mesocarnivores. Mesocarnivores approached traps baited with sardines at slower rates, which allows for a higher success of capturing an image of the animal. ImplicationsHuman scent may not need to be masked when deploying camera traps for multispecies mesocarnivore studies, but researchers should be aware that individual species respond differently to attractants and may have higher capture success with species-specific attractants.

Effect of dietary linoleic acid on the fatty acid composition of pig muscle

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 93-93
Author(s):  
M Enser ◽  
F M Whittington ◽  
J D Wood ◽  
D J Cole ◽  
J Wiseman
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Linoleic Acid Content ◽  
Pig Muscle ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Feeding Diets ◽  
Cooked Meat

The fatty acid composition of meat has important effects on its succulence and flavour. The neutral lipids of muscle, are mainly energy stores resembling adipose tissue and affect the succulence of meat. However, the phospholipids, which are structural components of muscle, are important in the development of the species specific cooked meat flavour and odour. We have investigated the effects of feeding diets differing mainly in their linoleic acid content on the fatty acid composition of the lipids of M. Longissimus dorsi (LD) of pigs.

Lipid composition of the euphausiids Euphausia vallentini and Thysanoessa macrura during summer in the Southern Indian Ocean

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. MAYZAUD ◽  
M. BOUTOUTE ◽  
F. ALONZO
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
Southern Indian Ocean ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Thysanoessa Macrura ◽  
Alcohol Composition

Two species of euphausiids (Thysanoessa macrura Sars and Euphausia vallentini Stebbing) from the Southern Indian Ocean were analysed for their lipid content, fatty acid and fatty alcohol composition, in relation to developmental stage (T.m) and sex (E.v). Lipid composition showed wax esters and triacylglycerols as main neutral lipids for T. macrura and E. vallentini respectively. Allometric relationships between lipid class and total lipids indicated that changes in total lipids were size dependent and mainly related to wax esters in T. macrura and polar lipids (both phosphatidylcholine or PC and phosphatidylethanolamine or PE) in E. vallentini. No difference in lipid composition could be shown for male and female E. vallentini, while sampling location, developmental stage and sex were significantly influential in T. macrura. In this latter species wax esters displayed relatively similar fatty acid and alcohol composition in both juvenile and female stages, whereas a striking difference could be seen between females and juveniles in terms of polar lipids with a very low PE content in females. Male and female E. vallentini showed little differences in fatty acid structure with the exception of PC in females, which were low in 22:6n-3. The trophic status of these two species was established using multivariate discriminant analysis, which indicated for E. vallentini a degree of omnivory similar to E. superba, while these T. macrura appeared more omnivorous than individuals collected in other areas of the Southern Ocean. Clustering of polar lipid composition suggested a link between differences in PC fatty acid and the post-spawn stage of the female of E. vallentini collected. The same probably applies for the changes in PE recorded for T. macrura females.

VITAMIN K: A GROWTH FACTOR FOR THE HOUSE CRICKET (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE)

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Acheta Domesticus ◽  
Equimolar Amount ◽  
House Cricket ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Basic Diet ◽  
Effect On Growth

AbstractVitamin K1 added to a basic diet for the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L.), significantly improves growth of male and female larvae. Growth is significantly better with 18.7 μg K1/g than it is with an equimolar amount of vitamin E. Unlike vitamin E, however, vitamin K1 is without effect on reproduction. Vitamins K3 and K5, and coumarin, have no effect or a slightly inhibiting effect on growth, and no effect on reproduction.

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