Adopting a cross-scale approach for the deployment of a green infrastructure

The implementation of a Green Infrastructure (GI) involves several actors and governance scales that need adequate knowledge support. The multifunctionality of GI entails the implementation of a cross-scale approach, which combines assessments conducted at different levels and active stakeholder engagement. This paper provides a methodology to implement a cross-scale approach to support the deployment of a Regional GI. The methodology was tested in Lombardy Region (north-west of Italy), considering three relevant territorial scales and relative strategic and planning policies. The continental level representing the overall policy-context; the regional level, with its key role for guaranteeing landscape coherence and connectivity and the local level where planning actions are effectively designed and implemented. The EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 and the EU GI strategy were used as references for the continental level; at the regional level, a proposal of Regional GI was evaluated focusing on two Provinces (Varese and Lecco), three regional parks (Ticino, Adda Nord and Campo dei Fiori). At the local scale, the new development plan of the Municipality of Cassano d'Adda (Milan metropolitan area) was evaluated considering different possible scenarios. The regional GI was evaluated with respect to the capacity to provide Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES). CES were mapped using the ESTIMAP-recreation model. The model was adapted to the regional and local level with the active engagement of local stakeholders. Additionally, census data were analysed to obtain an overview of the equitable distribution of the CES amongst inhabitants. Results show that, in 78% of the census blocks of the study area, inhabitants have a high-value recreation resource within 4 km (31% within 4 km and 47% within 300 m). Unmet demand characterises 22% of the census blocks in the study area, clustered in zones with a high population density. The regional GI covers almost completely the two Provinces and the regional parks. In Varese Province: 68% of the territory is included in the regional GI, 82% of the census blocks local demand for recreation opportunities is met, but the population density is higher where the demand is unmet. The Province is characterised by a relatively old population (share of people older than 65 years 23.4%). In Lecco Province, 80% of the territory is included in the regional GI, in 96% of the blocks the local demand is met and the local population is relatively old (share of elderly population 22.12%). The three regional parks present significant differences, strongly influenced by the territorial context. The Campo dei Fiori Park is almost completely included in the regional GI. The entire local population has nature-based recreation opportunities in their close vicinity. Nevertheless, the population density is very low and citizens are relatively old. The majority of the Parco Adda Nord is included in the regional GI providing recreation opportunities to 90% of the census blocks within the Park boundaries. A total of 70% of Ticino Park is included in the regional GI, where local residents are relatively old (share of elderly population 23.78%) and 90% of local census blocks are close to nature-based opportunities. At local scale, we explored how the approach can be used to estimate changes in the CES potential provision and how this can be integrated into a site management plan. This paper demonstrated that the combination of studies in a cross-scale perspective enhances the understanding of GI multifunctionality. It provides a framework to adapt CES mapping models to the local setting with active stakeholders engagement. Moreover, it demonstrates that also highly urbanised areas, such as the Lombardy Region in Italy, can play a role in the deployment of a continental GI and can support biodiversity and nature protection.

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Transformative Change in Peri-Urban SEPLS and Green Infrastructure Strategies: An Analysis from the Local to the Regional Scales in Galicia (NW Spain)

Fostering Transformative Change for Sustainability in the Context of Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes (SEPLS) ◽

10.1007/978-981-33-6761-6_8 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 133-153

Author(s):

Emilio Díaz-Varela ◽

Guillermina Fernández-Villar ◽

Alvaro Diego-Fuentes

Keyword(s):

Green Infrastructure ◽

Local Level ◽

Urban Expansion ◽

Regional Level ◽

Regional Government ◽

Transformative Change ◽

New Governance ◽

Social Dimensions ◽

Nw Spain ◽

Governance Systems

AbstractTransformative change involves the integration of different social dimensions and the involvement of a multiplicity of actors resulting in high levels of complexity. Considering all this, our work addresses the development of green infrastructure (GI) to improve the conservation of biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services from two different approaches and scales: regional and local.From the regional level, a GI strategy was promoted by the regional government of Galicia (NW Spain) through institutional efforts following a multidisciplinary approach including public participation processes. On the other hand, a local, participative perspective is exemplified in the Neighbourhood Association of the Parish of Chapela (Redondela, Galicia), a peri-urban, coastal area where intensive forestry and urban expansion threatens the availability of accessible multifunctional ecosystems for the local communities.Both approaches are indicative of seeds for a transformative change yet to happen. Nevertheless, they differ in their visions, values and goals: the regional level is statutory-oriented and focused on the accomplishment of administrative objectives; the local level is based on the communities’ wellbeing aims and calls-for-action. Differences are also detected in the risks and barriers to transformative processes, from the inertia of administrative procedures to the limitations of local action to face environmental and developmental problems. Exploration of these contrasting perspectives leads to the identification of needs for institutional change, the emergence of new governance systems, and the development of new perspectives for strategic planning and management.

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Spatial analysis of dumpsites volumes from rural territory Case study: Neamt County, Romania

10.31235/osf.io/32ths ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Florin Constantin MIHAI

Keyword(s):

Spatial Analysis ◽

Population Density ◽

Waste Management ◽

Local Level ◽

Environmental Policies ◽

Local Scale ◽

Local Communities ◽

Environmental Implications ◽

Proper Analysis

Open dumps were the main option for the local communities in householdwaste management, this practice being banned after July 16, 2009. The paperexamines the correlation between dumpsites volumes, population density, andlocal geographical conditions in the context that in most ruraladministrative-territorial units of the county there were no facilities forwaste collection. The geographical distribution of dumpsites volumesreflects the disparities between different areas of the county and on theother hand, it highlights the spaces exposed to pollution. Also, thecomparative analysis between 2004 (pre-accession) and 2009 (post-accession)reflects a rudimentary waste management system in this period which favoredthe waste dumping. This paper analyses the issues of rural waste managementand its environmental implications at local scale. Such approaches arenecessary for a proper analysis of EU environmental policies implementationat regional and local level

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Organising regions: spatial planning and territorial governance practices in two Swedish regions

Europa XXI ◽

10.7163/eu21.2018.35.2 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 21-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Lukas Smas ◽

Johannes Lidmo

Keyword(s):

Spatial Planning ◽

Local Level ◽

National Level ◽

Institutional Arrangement ◽

Regional Level ◽

Transport Infrastructure ◽

Planning System ◽

Governance Practices ◽

Policy Fields ◽

The Eu

In some European countries, sub-national regions are important geographical arenas for spatial planning. However, in Sweden, statutory regional planning is rather limited and the regional level is often described as having a weak position in the spatial planning system. In this article, we investigate territorial governance practices in two Swedish regions, with a focus on their interaction with the EU and the national level, and with the local level, as well as how these regions function as organisations and arenas for coordination of different policy fields. The study is based on semi-structured expert interviews and document analysis. The results show that spatial planning is practised both through statutory planning and soft planning approaches, and that these practices in different ways coordinate sectoral policies i.e. transport infrastructure and regional development. Both cases also illustrate difficulties not only of external coordination between different institutions and policy fields but also internally within organisations. It is also highlighted that spatial planning at the regional level focuses on coordinating actors and policy fields but that spatial planning is also an instrument to implement regional policies. In conclusion, it is argued that the organisation and territorial governance practices within a given institutional arrangement and the perception of spatial planning are crucial in determining how regions might function as multi-level coordination actors and policy arenas within spatial planning.

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ANALISIS KESESUAIAN SOSIAL-EKOLOGIS PEMANFAATAN SUMBER DAYA PERIKANAN BERDASARKAN PRODUKTIVITAS PRIMER DI KECAMATAN UNA-UNA DAN KABUPATEN TOJO UNA-UNA PROVINSI SULAWESI TENGAH

Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan ◽

10.15578/jsekp.v6i1.5749 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

D. Sulistiawati ◽

Luky Adrianto ◽

I. Muchsin ◽

A. Masyahoro

Keyword(s):

Primary Productivity ◽

Net Primary Productivity ◽

Field Survey ◽

Local Level ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Local Scale ◽

Regional Level ◽

Resources Exploitation ◽

Ecological Suitability ◽

Central Sulawesi

Memahami tingkat pemanfaatan sumberdaya alam sangat penting dalam pengelolaan sumberdaya perikanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai keseuaian pemanfaatan sumberdaya perikanan di Kecamatan Una-Una (lokal) dan Kabupaten Tojo Una-Una (regional). Metode yang dilakukan desk study dan survey lapang. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan HANPP (Human Appropriation of Net Primary Productivity). Hasil yang diperoleh bahwa HANPP lokal sebesar 7,93 109 kJ dengan rasio HANPP-NPP (Net Primary Productivity) sebesar 55,50, sedangkan tingkat regional sebesar 0,93 1012 kJ dengan rasio HANPP-NPP sebesar 28,17. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kolonisasi nelayan regional lebih efisien dalam memenuhi kebutuhan produktivitas primernya dibanding nelayan lokal. Tittle: Analysis of Socio-Ecological Suitability of Fishery Resources Exploitation Based on Primary Productivity in the Una Una District and Tojo Una Una Regency of Central Sulawesi Province.Understanding level of natured resource is very important in fisheries managemant. The objectives of thist study is to assess marine fisheries exploitation in the Una-Una district (local scale) and Tojo Una-Una regency (regional scale). This research used a desk and field survey. Data obtained were analyzed using HANPP (Human Appropriation of Net Primary Productivity). Results of the study showed that HANPP at local level 7.93 109 kJ with HANPP-NPP ratio 55.5 while HANPP of regional level was 0.93 1012 kJ with HANPP ratio of 28.17. These results indicated that a colonize regional fishers was more efficient than local fishers in appealling their primary productivity.

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Convergence of regional population density in Russia over 120 years

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2020-11-133-158 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 133-158

Author(s):

K. A. Kholodilin ◽

Y. I. Yanzhimaeva

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Spatial Dependence ◽

Population Distribution ◽

Regional Level ◽

Capital City ◽

County Level ◽

Spatial Effects ◽

Russian Regions ◽

Regional Population ◽

Regional Population Density

A relative uniformity of population distribution on the territory of the country is of importance from socio-economic and strategic perspectives. It is especially important in the case of Russia with its densely populated West and underpopulated East. This paper considers changes in population density in Russian regions, which occurred between 1897 and 2017. It explores whether there was convergence in population density and what factors influenced it. For this purpose, it uses the data both at county and regional levels, which are brought to common borders for comparability purposes. Further, the models of unconditional and conditional β-convergence are estimated, taking into account the spatial dependence. The paper concludes that the population density equalization took place in 1897-2017 at the county level and in 1926—1970 at the regional level. In addition, the population density increase is shown to be influenced not only by spatial effects, but also by political and geographical factors such as climate, number of GULAG camps, and the distance from the capital city.

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Multidirectional War and Paramilitarism

10.1093/oso/9780199668021.003.0006 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Tomas Balkelis

Keyword(s):

National Identity ◽

Local Level ◽

Local Population ◽

Cycle Of Violence ◽

Different Types ◽

The Masses ◽

Socially Motivated

This chapter, by following the course of military actions in Lithuania in 1919, explores the emergence of various military and paramilitary groups that engaged in different types of violence. The focus here is on the entanglement of three types of actors: those that performed state-sanctioned violence; those that acted as semi-independent paramilitary agents, and those that engaged in ethnically or socially motivated violence on a local level. The ability of the Lithuanian government to survive the series of military engagements in 1919 enhanced its legitimacy among the local population, and laid the foundation for a modern Lithuanian identity among the masses. Yet the new state and national identity were shaped in a continuous cycle of violence, social strife, mobilization, and militarization of society.

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Potential Benefits and Constraints of Development of Critical Raw Materials’ Production in the EU: Analysis of Selected Case Studies

Resources ◽

10.3390/resources10070067 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 67

Author(s):

Katarzyna Guzik ◽

Krzysztof Galos ◽

Alicja Kot-Niewiadomska ◽

Toni Eerola ◽

Pasi Eilu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Studies ◽

Social Acceptance ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Local Level ◽

Ore Deposits ◽

Abandoned Mines ◽

Social Constraints ◽

Cost And Benefit Analysis ◽

The Eu ◽

Critical Raw Materials

Major benefits and constraints related to mineral extraction within the EU have been identified on the examples of selected critical raw materials’ deposits. Analyzed case studies include the following ore deposits: Myszków Mo-W-Cu (Poland), Juomasuo Au-Co (Finland), S. Pedro das Águias W-Sn (Portugal), Penouta Nb-Ta-Sn (Spain), Norra Kärr REEs (Sweden) and Trælen graphite (Norway). They represent different stages of development, from the early/grassroot exploration stage, through advanced exploration and active mining, up to reopening of abandoned mines, and refer to different problems and constraints related to the possibility of exploitation commencement. The multi-criteria analysis of the cases has included geological and economic factors as well as environmental, land use, social acceptance and infrastructure factors. These factors, in terms of cost and benefit analysis, have been considered at three levels: local, country and EU levels. The analyzed cases indicated the major obstacles that occur in different stages of deposit development and need to be overcome in order to enable a new deposit exploitation commencement. These are environmental (Juomasuo and Myszków), spatial (Juomasuo) as well as social constraints (Norra Kärr, Juomasuo). In the analyzed cases, the most important constraints related to future deposit extraction occur primarily at a local level, while some important benefits are identified mainly at the country and the EU levels. These major benefits are related to securing long-term supplies for the national industries and strategically important EU industry sectors.

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Judicial review of Common Foreign and Security Policy by the ECtHR and the (re)negotiation on the accession of the EU to the ECHR

Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law ◽

10.1177/1023263x21988241 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1023263X2198824

Author(s):

Maria José Rangel de Mesquita

Keyword(s):

Judicial Review ◽

Security Policy ◽

Case Law ◽

Regional Level ◽

Judicial Control ◽

National Courts ◽

Foreign And Security Policy ◽

Conclusion Section ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Eu

The article addresses the issue of judicial control of the implementation of Common Foreign and Security Policy at international regional level within the framework of the relaunching of the negotiation in view of the accession of the EU to the ECHR. Considering the extent of jurisdiction of the CJEU in respect of Common Foreign and Security Policy field in the light of its case law (sections 1 and 2), it analyses the question of judicial review of Common Foreign and Security Policy within international regional justice by the ECtHR in the light of the ongoing negotiations (section 3), in the perspective of the relationship between non-national courts (section 3.A), having as background the (2013) Draft Agreement of accession (section 3.B.1). After addressing the relaunching of the negotiation procedure (section 3.B.2) and the issue of CFSP control by the ECtHR according to the recent (re)negotiation meetings (section 3.B.3), some concrete proposals, including for the redrafting of the accession agreement, will be put forward (section 3.B.4), as well as a conclusion (section 4).

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Judicial review of Common Foreign and Security Policy by the ECtHR and the (re)negotiation on the accession of the EU to the ECHR

Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law ◽

10.1177/1023263x20988241 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 356-370

Author(s):

Maria José Rangel de Mesquita

Keyword(s):

Judicial Review ◽

Security Policy ◽

Case Law ◽

Regional Level ◽

Judicial Control ◽

National Courts ◽

Foreign And Security Policy ◽

Conclusion Section ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Eu

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Changing Land Use and Population Density Are Degrading Water Quality in the Lower Mekong Basin

Water ◽

10.3390/w13141948 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 1948

Author(s):

Flavia Tromboni ◽

Thomas E. Dilts ◽

Sarah E. Null ◽

Sapana Lohani ◽

Peng Bun Ngor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Land Use ◽

Population Density ◽

Local Population ◽

Reference Conditions ◽

Mekong River ◽

Land Use Impacts ◽

Wet Season ◽

Mekong Basin ◽

Lower Mekong Basin

Establishing reference conditions in rivers is important to understand environmental change and protect ecosystem integrity. Ranked third globally for fish biodiversity, the Mekong River has the world’s largest inland fishery providing livelihoods, food security, and protein to the local population. It is therefore of paramount importance to maintain the water quality and biotic integrity of this ecosystem. We analyzed land use impacts on water quality constituents (TSS, TN, TP, DO, NO3−, NH4+, PO43−) in the Lower Mekong Basin. We then used a best-model regression approach with anthropogenic land-use as independent variables and water quality parameters as the dependent variables, to define reference conditions in the absence of human activities (corresponding to the intercept value). From 2000–2017, the population and the percentage of crop, rice, and plantation land cover increased, while there was a decrease in upland forest and flooded forest. Agriculture, urbanization, and population density were associated with decreasing water quality health in the Lower Mekong Basin. In several sites, Thailand and Laos had higher TN, NO3−, and NH4+ concentrations compared to reference conditions, while Cambodia had higher TP values than reference conditions, showing water quality degradation. TSS was higher than reference conditions in the dry season in Cambodia, but was lower than reference values in the wet season in Thailand and Laos. This study shows how deforestation from agriculture conversion and increasing urbanization pressure causes water quality decline in the Lower Mekong Basin, and provides a first characterization of reference water quality conditions for the Lower Mekong River and its tributaries.

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