Axiological Aspect of Legal Consequential Thought of the Late 18th – Early 20th Centuries

This article is devoted to a comprehensive review of the axiological measurement of legal consequentialism, analysing the ideas of law theorists representing the utilitarian and close to utilitarian branches on the view of values essential for society and state development. The purpose of the article is to identify what value is key for legal consequentialism as a whole, as a theory based on the significance of the result of legal actions, as well as for legal utilitarianism, which necessitates maximising utility. The article focuses on content analysis of key trends in the main legal doctrines of legal consequentialism. In these trends, the authors single out the main concepts, bearing in mind their value for legal science. The conclusion section of the study generalises the categories that appear valuable for legal consequentialism and formulates the common values of legal consequentialism. The authors justify the need for preserving the axiological aspect of rights and freedom of man and citizen, for ensuring the principles of equality and justice, the humanistic basis for legal activity and the unacceptability of rejecting the said values for a utility or other maximisation.

Structural Economic Vulnerability and the Utilization of Unilateral Trade Preferences: Does Development Aid Matter?

This article has investigated the effect of structural economic vulnerability on the utilization of non-reciprocal trade preferences (NRTPs) offered by the 'Quadrilaterals' and whether development aid flows alter this effect. It considers two major blocks of NRTPs, namely the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) programs and 'other trade preferences programs'. The analysis uses a panel dataset of 84 beneficiary countries of both NRTPs and development aid, over the period of 2002-2019. Results reveal that a rise in the level of structural economic vulnerability reduces the utilization rates of both GSP programs and other trade preference programs. At the same time, when the level of structural economic vulnerability falls, countries tend to use both blocks of NRTPs in a complementarity way. While development aid inflows foster the utilization of the two blocks of NRTPs, the increase of these resource inflows in the context of greater structural economic vulnerability leads beneficiary countries to strengthen the utilization of other trade preferences programs at the expense of the utilization of GSP programs. The implications of these results are discussed in the conclusion section of the article.

Marine Bioactive Compounds as Nutraceutical and Functional Food Ingredients for Potential Oral Health

Oral diseases have received considerable attention worldwide as one of the major global public health problems. The development of oral diseases is influenced by socioeconomic, physiological, traumatic, biological, dietary and hygienic practices factors. Currently, the main prevention strategy for oral diseases is to inhibit the growth of biofilm-producing plaque bacteria. Tooth brushing is the most common method of cleaning plaque, aided by mouthwash and sugar-free chewing gum in the daily routine. As the global nutraceutical market grows, marine bioactive compounds are becoming increasingly popular among consumers for their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. However, to date, few systematic summaries and studies on the application of marine bioactive compounds in oral health exist. This review provides a comprehensive overview of different marine-sourced bioactive compounds and their health benefits in dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, halitosis, oral cancer, and their potential use as functional food ingredients for oral health. In addition, limitations and challenges of the application of these active ingredients are discussed and some observations on current work and future trends are presented in the conclusion section.

Introduction

In this chapter, a summary of different synthetic polymers-based water/gas separation techniques is given. It includes the separation of solutes from wastewater and also the purification of gases from various cocktails. Moreover, a summary of individual chapters of this book entitled ‘Polymeric Membranes for Water Purification and Gas Separation’ is shown in the conclusion section.

Unlocking Household Electricity Consumption in Pakistan

In Pakistan, data for household electricity consumption are available in the form of monthly electricity bills only, and, therefore, are not helpful in establishing appliance-wise consumption. Further, it does not help in establishing the relationship among the household electricity consumption and various driving factors. This study aimed to unlock the household electricity consumption in Pakistan by analyzing electricity bills and investigating the impact of various socioeconomic, demographic, and dwelling parameters and usage of different appliances. The methodology adopted in this study was survey-based data collection of the residential sector. For this purpose, data were collected from 523 dwellings through surveys and interviews in Mirpur city. The results of the data analysis revealed that the average household electricity consumption is 2469 kWh/year with an average family size of seven and an average floor area of 78.91 m2. Based on possession of various appliances, the households were categorized into four types and their consumption patterns were established and compared. Air Conditioned (AC) houses consume 44% more electricity compared to the non-AC houses, whereas an Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) consumes electricity equivalent to an AC. The research findings are useful for policy makers and building designers and are discussed in the conclusion section.

Publishing Scholarly Editions

Publishing Scholarly Editions offers new intellectual tools for publishing digital editions that bring readers closer to the experimental practices of literature, editing, and reading. After the Introduction (Section 1), Sections 2 and 3 frame intentionality and data analysis as intersubjective, interrelated, and illustrative of experience-as-experimentation. These ideas are demonstrated in two editorial exhibitions of nineteenth-century works: Herman Melville's Billy Budd, Sailor, and the anti-slavery anthology The Bow in the Cloud, edited by Mary Anne Rawson. Section 4 uses pragmatism to rethink editorial principles and data modelling, arguing for a broader conception of the edition rooted in data collections and multimedia experience. The Conclusion (Section 5) draws attention to the challenges of publishing digital editions, and why digital editions have failed to be supported by the publishing industry. If publications are conceived as pragmatic inventions based on reliable, open-access data collections, then editing can embrace the critical, aesthetic, and experimental affordances of editions of experience.

A Guide to Collagen Sources, Applications and Current Advancements

The increase in use of collagen products in almost every sector of utility has stipulated the rising demand for collagen. It is an essential fibrous glycoprotein, which is abundantly present in the extracellular matrix and connective tissues in many living organisms. Owing to its unique characteristics such as biocompatibility, bioavailability and weak antigenicity it has gained major interest in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, biomedical and leather industries. The collagen-based composites possess an enhanced capacity to dissipate mechanical energy, strength and stiffness making it the most promising biomolecule for its multifaceted applications. Recently, synthetic biology platforms are getting wide attention for the production of non-native collagen alternatives to meet the rising demand for collagen worldwide. In the initial part, this review aims to explain different sources, structures, biosynthesis of collagen and its types followed by the emerging applications of collagen as a next-generation biomaterial in the later part. The article emphasises the synthesis of non-native collagen using novel expression systems like plant and algae in addition to bacteria and yeast with industrial consideration. In the conclusion section, challenges and opportunities of using synthetic biology tools are described.

An Empirical Investigation on the Relationship Between the Eurozone Zew Index and the Eurozone Stock Markets

The aim of this study is to investigate the long and short term impact of the Euro ZEW index (ZEW) on the DAX (GDAXI) Germany, FTSE 100 (FTSE) the UK, CAC 40 (FCHI) France, OMXS30 Sweden and CROBEX (CRBEX) Croatia stock market indices using monthly data for the period between February 2008 and December 2020. The Euro ZEW Index was taken as the independent variable, and the index values of Eurozone stock markets were taken as the dependent variables. As a result of the study, the Euro ZEW index was found to have a positive (increasing) statistical significant effect on the DAX, FTSE, OMXS and CRBEX variables. Of the stock markets studied, Croatia CROBEX (CRBEX) index was the most affected index by the change in the Euro ZEW index. The least affected stock market was Germany DAX (GDAXI) index. The effect of the Euro ZEW Index on Euro stock markets was higher in the short-term, and gradually decreasing in the long term. The research findings are discussed in the conclusion section.

Three for me and none for you? An ethical argument for delaying COVID-19 boosters

This paper argues in support of the WHO’s proposal to forego COVID-19 booster shots until 10% of people in every country are fully vaccinated. The Ethical Argument section shows that we save the most lives and ensure the least amount of suffering by allocating doses first to unvaccinated people. It also argues that there is a duty to support decent lives and to promote health equity, which establish that refraining from boosters is a requirement of justice, not charity. The Replies to Objections section answers objections that appeal to pragmatism, nationalism, ownership, scientific advancement, self-interest, semantics and futility. The Conclusion section emphasizes that for now, wealthy nations should not boost vaccinated people’s immunity and should instead send doses to poorer nations where they are most urgently needed.

An Effective Approach for Endocrine Dynamic Function Tests Workflow and Reporting Using Cerner Millennium®

Introduction/Objective Endocrine dynamic function testing (DFT), also known as hormone stimulation tests, are indispensable tools in the endocrine practice. Common pitfalls of ineffective testing and misdiagnosis are due to incorrect sample recordings, delay in sample collections and disorganized or confusing result presentation. Clinical and laboratory data deserves careful attention and discrepancies must be reviewed by a clinical biochemist before releasing results for proper patient diagnosis. The main objective of this Cerner DFT project is to design and implement Cerner Millennium applications for effective management and organized result reporting of hospital-wide DFT protocols. Methods/Case Report The DFT Cerner workflow is uniquely designed in-house and known as a pioneer build for Cerner Millenium. The design involves the use of Cerner Discern Analytics 2.0 and clinical modules to complete such a complex build. Five DFT panels are defined as care-sets with specific hormone discrete task assays (DTA). For each care-set, an ‘order sentence’ is created to produce the order priority rules. The DFT panels can only be requested as future orders in PowerChart and activated by the medical staff upon collection of the baseline sample. On Cerner PathNet, results are pre-verified by the medical technologists then auto-filtered in the clinical Review Queue (RQ) module for final verification and addition of comments by the biochemistry consultant. A word processing template is used to collate the results and present the summary of the DFT report where standardized canned comments are added using pre-defined codes. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) See Conclusion Section Conclusion The Cerner DFT project mproves the diagnosis and treatment of patients with hormone disorders. Before, there was a danger of misdiagnosis when samples are individually requested producing separate reports with no organized presentation. Report comments from the clinical biochemist consultant also served as good diagnostic guidance. This quality initiative has definitely improved the previous and long term issues of endocrine dynamic function tests.