scholarly journals Species-rich bark and ambrosia beetle fauna (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) of the Ecuadorian Amazonian Forest Canopy

ZooKeys ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1044 ◽  
pp. 797-813
Author(s):  
Stephanie A. Dole ◽  
Jiri Hulcr ◽  
Anthony I. Cognato
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Species Accumulation Curves ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Diversity Assessment ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Canopy Fogging ◽  
Diversity Estimates

Canopy fogging was used to sample the diversity of bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) at two western Amazonian rainforest sites in Ecuador. Sampling was conducted by Dr Terry Erwin and assistants from 1994–2006 and yielded 1158 samples containing 2500 scolytine specimens representing more than 400 morphospecies. Here, we analyze a subset of these data representing two ecological groups: true bark beetles (52 morphospecies) and ambrosia beetles (69 morphospecies). A high percentage of these taxa occurred as singletons and doubletons and their species accumulation curves did not reach an asymptote. Diversity estimates placed the total scolytine species richness for this taxon subset present at the two sites between 260 and 323 species. The α-diversity was remarkably high at each site, while the apparently high β-diversity was an artifact of undersampling, as shown by a Monte Carlo resampling analysis. This study demonstrates the utility of canopy fogging for the discovery of new scolytine taxa and for approximate diversity assessment, but a substantially greater sampling effort would be needed for conclusive alpha as well as beta diversity estimates.

scholarly journals The endophytic community of Dactylis glomerata

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 69-73
Author(s):  
Sánchez Márquez ◽  
G.F. Bills ◽  
I. Zabalgogeazcoa
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Species Accumulation Curves ◽  
Species Accumulation ◽  
Unknown Species ◽  
Ecological Roles ◽  
Accumulation Curves ◽  
Endophytic Community

Morphological and molecular methods were used to identify the endophytic mycobiota of the grass Dactylis glomerata. Fungal endophytes belonging to 109 different species were isolated from asymptomatic plants sampled in different ecosystems in Spain. Species accumulation curves showed that most species commonly infecting this grass have been identified, but the number of singleton species occasionally infecting the plants is likely to increase with more sampling effort. A large endophytic assemblage consisting of fungi with diverse ecological roles, and potentially unknown species was found in a small number of plants. Keywords: endophytes, Dactylis glomerata, diversity, abundance

Watershed-level sampling effort requirements for determining riverine fish species composition

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1580-1588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine L Smith ◽  
Michael L Jones
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Species Accumulation Curves ◽  
Targeted Sampling ◽  
Weak Negative Correlation ◽  
Fish Species Composition ◽  
Riverine Fish

Accurate assessments of watershed-level species composition are necessary for comparative ecological studies, ecosystem health assessments, monitoring, and aquatic conservation prioritization. Several studies have addressed sampling effort requirements for characterizing fish species composition at a section of stream, but none have examined watershed-level requirements. In the spring and summer of 2002, we extensively sampled nine Great Lakes watersheds to assess sampling-effort requirements. Sampling requirements increased with the targeted percentage of estimated species richness. Sampling 15–119 randomly selected reaches of stream, stratified by stream order, was on average sufficient to detect 80%–100% of estimated species richness. Watershed size (km2) and estimated species richness each showed a weak, negative correlation with sampling-effort requirements in our study streams, with Pearson's correlation coefficients of –5.06 and –0.590, respectively. Because of among-watershed variability in sampling effort requirements, field crews should plot species accumulation curves onsite to determine adequate inventory completion. Based on the difficulty of detecting the last 10% of species, random sampling should be conducted in conjunction with targeted sampling of rare species.

scholarly journals A “Sweet” Activity to Teach Basic Population Estimation Principles, Community Diversity Assessment, and Mathematical Reasoning to Biology Students

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 522-528
Author(s):  
Jim R. Goetze ◽  
Marisela Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Reasoning ◽  
Community Analysis ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Biology Students ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Biological Community ◽  
Diversity Assessment ◽  
Diversity Estimates ◽  
Instructional Situations

In this article, we describe how to utilize differently colored M&M candies to represent species within a simulated biological community, and obtain population and diversity estimates utilizing Lincoln-Petersen and Shannon-Weaver methods, respectively. Through use of this activity, our students gain a better understanding of mathematical applications in biological research, and are exposed to basic census and community analysis techniques utilized by practicing biologists. Additionally, this activity may be utilized in various instructional situations where, otherwise, it might prove impractical to take students on a fieldtrip to allow practice of these procedures.

scholarly journals Destructive Tree Diseases Associated with Ambrosia and Bark Beetles: Black Swan Events in Tree Pathology?

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 856-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy C. Ploetz ◽  
Jiri Hulcr ◽  
Michael J. Wingfield ◽  
Z. Wilhelm de Beer
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
Black Swan ◽  
Large Magnitude ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Unexpected Events ◽  
Tree Diseases ◽  
Symbiotic Relationships ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
New Information

Diseases associated with ambrosia and bark beetles comprise some of the most significant problems that have emerged on trees in the last century. They are caused by fungi in the Ophiostomatales, Microascales, and Hypocreales, and have vectors in the Scolytinae (ambrosia and bark beetles) and Platypodinae (ambrosia beetles) subfamilies of the Curculionidae (Coleoptera). Some of these problems, such as Dutch elm disease, have a long history, have been extensively researched, and are fairly well understood. In contrast, other similar diseases developed recently and are poorly or partially understood. The emergence and unexpected importance of these tree diseases are discussed in this article. An underlying factor in most of these interactions is the absence of a coevolved history between the so-called “naïve” or “new encounter” host trees and the pathogens and/or beetles. For the ambrosia beetles, these interactions are associated with susceptibility to what are typically benign fungi and atypical relationships with healthy trees (ambrosia beetles favor trees that are dead or stressed). Interestingly, the pathogens for both the ambrosia and bark beetle–associated diseases often have symbiotic relationships with the insects that are not based on phytopathogenicity. Some of the most alarming and damaging of these diseases are considered “black swan events”. Black swan developed as a metaphor for a supposed impossibility that is contradicted with new information. Today, Black Swan Theory focuses on unexpected events of large magnitude and consequence.

ATTACK BY BARK BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) FOLLOWING SPACING OF MATURE LODGEPOLE PINE (PINACEAE) STANDS

1999 ◽  
Vol 131 (5) ◽  
pp. 671-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Safranyik ◽  
T.L. Shore ◽  
D.A. Linton
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Species Accumulation Curves ◽  
The Third ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Accumulation Curves ◽  
Stick Model

AbstractVariation in bark beetle attack following spacing of mature lodgepole pine stands in the East Kootenays of British Columbia was analyzed in relation to stand location (site), spacing treatment, and harvesting injury. Observations were made on three sites, each having three treatments: 4 × 4 m spacing, 5 × 5 m spacing, and untreated control. There was no statistically significant difference in the numbers of attacked trees among sites or treatments. However, in the spaced plots 94.3% of the attacked trees sustained harvesting injury or were located adjacent to skid trails. Dendroctonus valens LeConte was the dominant species attacking trees on the two drier sites, and Dendroctonus murrayanae Hopkins was the dominant species on the third site. There was no statistically significant variation in the percentage of attacked stumps among sites or spacing treatments. On average, 80.7% of the stumps were attacked; attacked stumps had larger diameters than unattacked stumps. Thirteen species of bark beetles were found attacking stumps. Hylurgops porosus LeConte was the most numerous species at all three sites. Based on the fit of the Michaelis–Menten equations to species accumulation curves, an estimated 76–90% of the number of species attacking stumps at the three sites were observed in bark samples. Margalef’s index of diversity for the two drier sites (Cranbrook = 1.15, Parson = 1.13) was nearly identical and higher than at the moist site (Elkford = 0.89). Pairs of sites had five to six species in common, and the Sorensen coefficient of similarity ranged from 0.52 to 0.71, indicating moderate similarity in species composition. The abundance versus species rank relationship was fitted by three models: the MacArthur broken stick model, the geometric series, and the Zeta distribution. The latter gave good fit to data from two sites, but none of the fitted models gave satisfactory fit to data from the third site, mainly because of the high abundance of the second ranked species (Orthotomicus caelatus Eichhoff). Our results indicated that stand characteristics affected species assemblages and abundances of bark beetle species that attacked stumps. Management practices that minimize injury to trees during the spacing operations are emphasized to reduce attack by bark beetles.

scholarly journals Edge effects and landscape matrix use by a small mammal community in fragments of semideciduous submontane forest in Mato Grosso, Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Santos-Filho ◽  
DJ. da Silva ◽  
TM. Sanaiotti
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Small Mammal ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Species Accumulation Curves ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Species Accumulation ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance

A community of small mammals was studied in seasonal semideciduous submontane forest in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. This study evaluated the use of edge and matrix pasture, by different small mammal species. Overall, 31 areas were studied, with a total sampling effort of 33,800 trap x nights. Only seven of the 25 species captured in the study sites were able to use the pasture matrix; we classified these species as generalists. Fourteen species were found to be intermediate in habits, being able to use forest edges. We found only four species habitat specialists, occurring only on transect lines in the interior of the fragment, at least 150 m from the edge. Transects located in the pasture matrix and 50 m from the edge had significantly lower species richness and abundance than transects located in the fragment edge or in the interior of the fragment. All transects located within the fragment had similar species richness and abundance, but transects located 50 m from the edge had slightly lower, but non-significant, species richness than transects located 100 m apart from edges. Rarefaction curves demonstrated that only medium-sized fragments (100 300 ha) reached an asymptote of species accumulation. The other areas require further sampling, or more sampling transect, before species accumulation curves stabilize, due to a continued increase in species number.

scholarly journals Birds diversity and faunogenetic structure of avifauna in forests parks of two megalopolises (Ukraine)

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-72
Author(s):  
T. Shupova ◽  
◽  
A. Chaplygina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Species ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Bird Communities ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Forest Park ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
European Forest ◽  
Forest Parks

Background. In the 21st century, landscape transformation processes are underway in large cities, which affects the stability of wildlife habitats. Habitat transformations often reduce species richness due to a decrease in the population sizes of some species, and therefore, small in number and rare species are eliminated from bird communities. Rare species can have unique consortive relationships, which makes them particularly important for the long-term ecosystem functioning. A study of the avifauna of forest parks makes it possible to develop an algorithm for the coexistence of human and birds. Methods. The number and distribution of birds were determined by route counting. The total length of the fixed route was 5.7 km in Kyiv and 3.5 km in Kharkiv. On each route, observations were carried out annually with three repetitions during the nesting period when the birds are most attached to their habitats (end of April–May–June). The average data for the total study period (2013–2017) were calculated for each city. For the average number, the standard deviation was calculated. An analysis of the faunogenetic structure of avifauna was carried out according to the method developed by V.P. Belik. A faunogenetic complex is a group of animal species associated by a common origin with ecosystems of a certain landscape-geographical zone. We also classified bird species into ecological groups according to the patterns of microhabitat choice. To compare the α-diversity of bird in the forest-park zones of cities, a number of commonly accepted indices that express the correlation between the number and density of species were calculated: 1) Berger–Parker dominance index: DBP = Nimax / N; 2) Shannon diversity index: H´ = -∑(Pi × LnPi); 3) Pielou evenness index: E = H´ / LnS; where: Nі– the number of each species; Nimax – the maximum value of Nі; N = ∑Ni – the total number of all species (pairs/km); Pi = Ni / N – the ratio of each species; S – total number of the species. Results. The study presents a comparative analysis of diversity and faunogenetic structure of avifauna in the forest park zones of Kyiv and Kharkiv, inhabited by 71 breeding species of birds that belong to 10 orders. In the eastern region, the proportion of birds of the boreal and the European forest-steppe complex decreases, but the share of the desert-mountain complex increases. The fauna of the European nemoral complex dominates (32.8 % in Kyiv and 40.4 % in Kharkiv). The basis of the communities are dendrophils: 83.6 % (n = 67) in Kyiv and 82.7 % (n = 52) in Kharkiv. The dominant species in all forest parks are the great tit (Parus major) and chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs). Conclusions. The differences in the faunogenetic structure of bird communities are due to the proximity of model forest parks on the territory of Kyiv to the forest natural geographical zone, and on the territory of Kharkiv to the steppe, which leads in the eastern region to a decrease in the proportion of birds of the boreal and the European forest-steppe complex while the proportion of desert-mountain complex increases. Dendrophils predominate significantly, and the share of sclerophils and limnophils in total is less than 20 % of the bird community in the forest parks of each city. As a consequence of the fragmentation of the Kiev forest park zone, the diversity of nesting birds communities in the forest-park zone of Kyiv is slightly lower than of Kharkiv, and the pressure of the dominant species is more significant.

scholarly journals Ambrosia Beetles Prefer Closed Canopies: A Case Study in Oak Forests in Central Europe

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1223
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Holuša ◽  
Tomáš Fiala ◽  
Jiří Foit
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Canopy Closure ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Ambrosia Fungi ◽  
Oak Trees

Research Highlights: The percentage of canopy closure was found to be the main factor associated with ambrosia beetle abundance and species richness. The latter two variables increased as canopy closure increased, probably because a high percentage of canopy closure provides a stable and humid environment suitable for the growth of ambrosia fungi. Objectives: Oak is a common host tree for ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), which have independently evolved a nutritional mutualism with fungi. We suspected that ambrosia beetles might have specific habitat preferences that are different from those of other saproxylic beetles and that reflect the specific habitat preferences of their food, i.e., ambrosia fungi. Methods: We assessed ambrosia beetle abundance with ethanol-lured traps in five old-growth oak dominated forests and five managed oak dominated forests (one trap per forest) during the vegetation period in 2020. We determined whether ambrosia beetle abundance and species richness depend on forest type (managed vs. unmanaged), degree of canopy closure, abundance of oak trees, abundance of coarse deadwood, and abundance of dead oak branches. Results: In total, 4137 individuals of six species of ambrosia beetles associated with oaks were captured. The native ambrosia beetle Anisandrus dispar represented the majority of trapped ambrosia bark beetles. A. dispar along with another ambrosia beetle, Xyleborinus saxesenii, represented 99% of all captured beetles. Conclusions: In addition to canopy closure, the abundance of oak trees and the abundance of dead oak branches were significantly associated with ambrosia beetle abundance and species richness. The abundance of A. dispar was mainly correlated with dead oak branch abundance and the degree of canopy closure, whereas the abundances of X. saxesenii and of the invasive species Xyleborinus attenuatus and Cyclorhipidion bodoanum were mainly correlated with the net area occupied by oak trees.

scholarly journals Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea) of Porto Mauá, Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest Ecoregion, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Campos Thiele ◽  
Oscar Milcharek ◽  
Fábio Luis dos Santos ◽  
Lucas Augusto Kaminski
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Species Accumulation Curves ◽  
Ecological Corridor ◽  
Butterfly Fauna ◽  
Accumulation Curves ◽  
Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest

This paper presents a list of species of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea) sampled in Porto Mauá municipality (27°34’S, 28°40’W), Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Sampling was carried out monthly between March 2008 and March 2009. After 204 net-hours of sampling effort, a total of 1,993 individuals from 253 species were recorded. With a single additional expedition, eight new species were added, reaching a total of 261 species recorded in the region of Porto Mauá. These new reports and the species accumulation curves may indicate a much richer fauna. The distribution of richness among butterfly families is compared with other inventories in seasonal semi-deciduous forest areas in the Atlantic Forest. We also discuss the importance of riparian forests of the Uruguay River as an ecological corridor that enables the maintenance of the butterfly fauna on the southern edge of the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest Ecoregion.

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