Nonsurvival of Ceratocystis fagacearum in Frass of Oak Bark Beetles and Ambrosia Beetles

1974 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 1528 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Peplinski
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Ceratocystis Fagacearum

scholarly journals Destructive Tree Diseases Associated with Ambrosia and Bark Beetles: Black Swan Events in Tree Pathology?

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 856-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy C. Ploetz ◽  
Jiri Hulcr ◽  
Michael J. Wingfield ◽  
Z. Wilhelm de Beer
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
Black Swan ◽  
Large Magnitude ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Unexpected Events ◽  
Tree Diseases ◽  
Symbiotic Relationships ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
New Information

Diseases associated with ambrosia and bark beetles comprise some of the most significant problems that have emerged on trees in the last century. They are caused by fungi in the Ophiostomatales, Microascales, and Hypocreales, and have vectors in the Scolytinae (ambrosia and bark beetles) and Platypodinae (ambrosia beetles) subfamilies of the Curculionidae (Coleoptera). Some of these problems, such as Dutch elm disease, have a long history, have been extensively researched, and are fairly well understood. In contrast, other similar diseases developed recently and are poorly or partially understood. The emergence and unexpected importance of these tree diseases are discussed in this article. An underlying factor in most of these interactions is the absence of a coevolved history between the so-called “naïve” or “new encounter” host trees and the pathogens and/or beetles. For the ambrosia beetles, these interactions are associated with susceptibility to what are typically benign fungi and atypical relationships with healthy trees (ambrosia beetles favor trees that are dead or stressed). Interestingly, the pathogens for both the ambrosia and bark beetle–associated diseases often have symbiotic relationships with the insects that are not based on phytopathogenicity. Some of the most alarming and damaging of these diseases are considered “black swan events”. Black swan developed as a metaphor for a supposed impossibility that is contradicted with new information. Today, Black Swan Theory focuses on unexpected events of large magnitude and consequence.

scholarly journals Ambrosia Beetles Prefer Closed Canopies: A Case Study in Oak Forests in Central Europe

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1223
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Holuša ◽  
Tomáš Fiala ◽  
Jiří Foit
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Canopy Closure ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Ambrosia Fungi ◽  
Oak Trees

Research Highlights: The percentage of canopy closure was found to be the main factor associated with ambrosia beetle abundance and species richness. The latter two variables increased as canopy closure increased, probably because a high percentage of canopy closure provides a stable and humid environment suitable for the growth of ambrosia fungi. Objectives: Oak is a common host tree for ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), which have independently evolved a nutritional mutualism with fungi. We suspected that ambrosia beetles might have specific habitat preferences that are different from those of other saproxylic beetles and that reflect the specific habitat preferences of their food, i.e., ambrosia fungi. Methods: We assessed ambrosia beetle abundance with ethanol-lured traps in five old-growth oak dominated forests and five managed oak dominated forests (one trap per forest) during the vegetation period in 2020. We determined whether ambrosia beetle abundance and species richness depend on forest type (managed vs. unmanaged), degree of canopy closure, abundance of oak trees, abundance of coarse deadwood, and abundance of dead oak branches. Results: In total, 4137 individuals of six species of ambrosia beetles associated with oaks were captured. The native ambrosia beetle Anisandrus dispar represented the majority of trapped ambrosia bark beetles. A. dispar along with another ambrosia beetle, Xyleborinus saxesenii, represented 99% of all captured beetles. Conclusions: In addition to canopy closure, the abundance of oak trees and the abundance of dead oak branches were significantly associated with ambrosia beetle abundance and species richness. The abundance of A. dispar was mainly correlated with dead oak branch abundance and the degree of canopy closure, whereas the abundances of X. saxesenii and of the invasive species Xyleborinus attenuatus and Cyclorhipidion bodoanum were mainly correlated with the net area occupied by oak trees.

scholarly journals Species-rich bark and ambrosia beetle fauna (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) of the Ecuadorian Amazonian Forest Canopy

ZooKeys ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1044 ◽  
pp. 797-813
Author(s):  
Stephanie A. Dole ◽  
Jiri Hulcr ◽  
Anthony I. Cognato
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Species Accumulation Curves ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Diversity Assessment ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Canopy Fogging ◽  
Diversity Estimates

Canopy fogging was used to sample the diversity of bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) at two western Amazonian rainforest sites in Ecuador. Sampling was conducted by Dr Terry Erwin and assistants from 1994–2006 and yielded 1158 samples containing 2500 scolytine specimens representing more than 400 morphospecies. Here, we analyze a subset of these data representing two ecological groups: true bark beetles (52 morphospecies) and ambrosia beetles (69 morphospecies). A high percentage of these taxa occurred as singletons and doubletons and their species accumulation curves did not reach an asymptote. Diversity estimates placed the total scolytine species richness for this taxon subset present at the two sites between 260 and 323 species. The α-diversity was remarkably high at each site, while the apparently high β-diversity was an artifact of undersampling, as shown by a Monte Carlo resampling analysis. This study demonstrates the utility of canopy fogging for the discovery of new scolytine taxa and for approximate diversity assessment, but a substantially greater sampling effort would be needed for conclusive alpha as well as beta diversity estimates.

scholarly journals Effect of Trap Color on Captures of Bark- and Wood-Boring Beetles (Coleoptera; Buprestidae and Scolytinae) and Associated Predators

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 749
Author(s):  
Giacomo Cavaletto ◽  
Massimo Faccoli ◽  
Lorenzo Marini ◽  
Johannes Spaethe ◽  
Gianluca Magnani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Color Preferences ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Trap Color ◽  
Bark And Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Flower Visiting ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance ◽  
Wood Boring

Traps baited with attractive lures are increasingly used at entry-points and surrounding natural areas to intercept exotic wood-boring beetles accidentally introduced via international trade. Several trapping variables can affect the efficacy of this activity, including trap color. In this study, we tested whether species richness and abundance of jewel beetles (Buprestidae), bark and ambrosia beetles (Scolytinae), and their common predators (i.e., checkered beetles, Cleridae) can be modified using trap colors different to those currently used for surveillance of jewel beetles and bark and ambrosia beetles (i.e., green or black). We show that green and black traps are generally efficient, but also that many flower-visiting or dark-metallic colored jewel beetles and certain bark beetles are more attracted by other colors. In addition, we show that checkered beetles have color preferences similar to those of their Scolytinae preys, which limits using trap color to minimize their inadvertent removal. Overall, this study confirmed that understanding the color perception mechanisms in wood-boring beetles can lead to important improvements in trapping techniques and thereby increase the efficacy of surveillance programs.

scholarly journals Trapping of ambrosia beetles by artificially produced lures in a oak forest

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 226-230
Author(s):  
Tomáš Fiala ◽  
Jaroslav Holuša
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Oak Forests ◽  
Oak Forest ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Forest Pests ◽  
Central European ◽  
Synthetic Pheromone

Ambrosia beetles are among the most damaging forest pests. They are frequently moved intercontinentally and are therefore subject to quarantines. The objective of the current research was to determine whether two commercially produced lures for Trypodendron species also attract central European ambrosia beetles. In 2018, Theysohn<sup>®</sup> traps were deployed in an oak forest that also contained hornbeam and linden trees. Five pair of traps was baited with the standard synthetic pheromone lures, Trypowit<sup>®</sup> or Lineatin Kombi<sup>®</sup>. The 201 adults of ambrosia bark beetles that were trapped were identified to eight species, which represents almost the entire spectrum of oak ambrosia scolytids in the region. Trypodendron domesticum, Xyleborinus saxesenii, and Xyleborus monographus were the most abundant species and exhibited a slight preference for the lure with a higher content of alcohols (Lineatin Kombi<sup>®</sup>). Both lures attracted T. lineatum because both contain lineatin. The number of beetles trapped was low probably because food sources (damaged or wilting oaks) were rare and because the forest was surrounded by agricultural land and therefore isolated from other oak forests.

Morphological and behavioural features of bark beetles of the tribe Scolytini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) associated with fungi

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.В. Петров
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trophic Specialization ◽  
Anterior Plate ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Food Substrate

Подсемейство Scolytinae объединяет около 6000 видов жуков, отличающихся друг от друга размерами, формой тела, поведением и пищевой специализацией. Цель исследования – выявление особенностей морфологии и поведения жуков из разных родов трибы Scolytini, связанных с особенностями питания, – флео-ксилофагов и ксиломицетофагов. Существенные различия проявляются в поведении флео-ксилофагов и ксиломицетофагов при прохождении дополнительного питания жуками и заселении кормового растения. Различия наблюдаются в характере построения маточных ходов ксиломицетофагов и флео-ксилофагов и в питании личинок. Ходы ксило-мицетофагов выгрызаются в древесине перпендикулярно поверхности коры. Ксиломицетофаги переносят споры грибов, производят «посев» микобиоты в «личиночных нишах». Личинки Camptocerus грызут ткани древесины, расширяя личиночные ниши и питаются мицелием грибов. Молодые жуки покидают ходы через входное отверстие родителей. Личинки флео-ксилофагов питаются тканями луба, камбия и древесины. Завершив развитие, молодые жуки покидают ходы через «вылётные отверстия». С особенностями поведения и питания потомства связаны морфологические особенности жуков. У ксиломицетофагов возникают микангии – органы переноса микобиоты. Провентрикулус ксиломицетофагов более вытянут в длину. Передняя мембрана у ксиломицетофагов рода Camptocerus вооружена склеротизованными зубцевидными бугорками. Строение провентрикулуса флео-ксилофагов Scolytus отличается удлиненными ланцетовидными пластинами на задней мембране, направленными к центру провентрикулюса. Передняя мембрана провентрикулюса Scolytus вооружена многочисленными мелкими заостренными бугорками. Mорфология провентрикулюса флео-ксилофагов родов Ceratolepis, Cnemonyx, Loganius близка к Camptocerus. Строение провентрикулюса Scolytopsis схоже со Scolytus. The subfamily Scolytinae includes about 6000 species of beetles, varying in size, shape of the body, behavior and trophic specialization. The objective of this research is the study of features of morphology and behavior of beetles from different genera of the tribe Scolytini associated with of type of feeding habits: phleophagy and xylophagy and xylomycetophagy (ambrosia beetles). Important differences are seen in behavior of phleophagous-xylophagous and xylomycetophagous group during additional feeding and colonizations of host trees. Significant differences are observed in the building of egg galleries by ambrosia beetles and in feeding of larvae. Galleries of ambrosia beetles are excavated into sapwood and perpendicular to the bark of the host tree. Ambrosia beetles transport innoculum of fungi, cultivating «crops» of the mycobiota. Larvae expand the egg niche into a larval cradle, consuming wood and feeding upon fungi. Emerged imagos of ambrosia beetles leave the galleries through entrance tunnel of parents. Larvae of phloeo-xylophagous group eat phloem, cambium and sapwood. Having finished development, young beetles leave the courses through self-made flight-holes. The behavior and food substrate of larvae of beetles define morphological features of phloeophagy, xylophagy and xylomycetophagy groups. Adult ambrosia beetles have mycangia – structures for transfer of the mycobiota. The proventriculus of xylomycetophagous beetles from genus Сamptocerus is more extended in length. The anterior plate of proventriculus in Camptocerus is armed with big tubercles. The structure of the proventriculus of phloeo-xylophagous genus Scolytus differs in the extended apical laminate teeth on the posterior plate directed to the center of the proventriculus. The anterior plate is armed with numerous small pointed tubercles. The morphology of the proventriculus of phoeo-xylophagous genera Ceratolepis, Cnemonyx, Loganius is similar to that of Camptocerus. The morphology of the proventriculus of Scolytopsis is similar to that of Scolytus.

scholarly journals Ethanol-Enriched Substrate Facilitates Ambrosia Beetle Fungi, but Inhibits Their Pathogens and Fungal Symbionts of Bark Beetles

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Lehenberger ◽  
Markus Benkert ◽  
Peter H. W. Biedermann
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dendroctonus Ponderosae ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Defensive Role

Bark beetles (sensu lato) colonize woody tissues like phloem or xylem and are associated with a broad range of micro-organisms. Specific fungi in the ascomycete orders Hypocreales, Microascales and Ophistomatales as well as the basidiomycete Russulales have been found to be of high importance for successful tree colonization and reproduction in many species. While fungal mutualisms are facultative for most phloem-colonizing bark beetles (sensu stricto), xylem-colonizing ambrosia beetles are long known to obligatorily depend on mutualistic fungi for nutrition of adults and larvae. Recently, a defensive role of fungal mutualists for their ambrosia beetle hosts was revealed: Few tested mutualists outcompeted other beetle-antagonistic fungi by their ability to produce, detoxify and metabolize ethanol, which is naturally occurring in stressed and/or dying trees that many ambrosia beetle species preferentially colonize. Here, we aim to test (i) how widespread beneficial effects of ethanol are among the independently evolved lineages of ambrosia beetle fungal mutualists and (ii) whether it is also present in common fungal symbionts of two bark beetle species (Ips typographus, Dendroctonus ponderosae) and some general fungal antagonists of bark and ambrosia beetle species. The majority of mutualistic ambrosia beetle fungi tested benefited (or at least were not harmed) by the presence of ethanol in terms of growth parameters (e.g., biomass), whereas fungal antagonists were inhibited. This confirms the competitive advantage of nutritional mutualists in the beetle’s preferred, ethanol-containing host material. Even though most bark beetle fungi are found in the same phylogenetic lineages and ancestral to the ambrosia beetle (sensu stricto) fungi, most of them were highly negatively affected by ethanol and only a nutritional mutualist of Dendroctonus ponderosae benefited, however. This suggests that ethanol tolerance is a derived trait in nutritional fungal mutualists, particularly in ambrosia beetles that show cooperative farming of their fungi.

scholarly journals Maximizing Bark and Ambrosia Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Catches in Trapping Surveys for Longhorn and Jewel Beetles

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (6) ◽  
pp. 2745-2757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Marchioro ◽  
Davide Rassati ◽  
Massimo Faccoli ◽  
Kate Van Rooyen ◽  
Chantelle Kostanowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Longhorn Beetles ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Trap Color ◽  
Bark And Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Trap Height ◽  
Associated Species ◽  
Wood Boring

Abstract Bark and ambrosia beetles are commonly moved among continents within timber and fresh wood-packaging materials. Routine visual inspections of imported commodities are often complemented with baited traps set up in natural areas surrounding entry points. Given that these activities can be expensive, trapping protocols that attract multiple species simultaneously are needed. Here we investigated whether trapping protocols commonly used to detect longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and jewel beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) can be exploited also for detecting bark and ambrosia beetles. In factorial experiments conducted in 2016 both in Italy (seminatural and reforested forests) and Canada (mixed forest) we tested the effect of trap color (green vs purple), trap height (understory vs canopy), and attractive blend (hardwood-blend developed for broadleaf-associated wood-boring beetles vs ethanol in Italy; hardwood-blend vs softwood-blend developed for conifer-associated wood-boring beetles, in Canada) separately on bark beetles and ambrosia beetles, as well as on individual bark and ambrosia beetle species. Trap color affected catch of ambrosia beetles more so than bark beetles, with purple traps generally more attractive than green traps. Trap height affected both beetle groups, with understory traps generally performing better than canopy traps. Hardwood-blend and ethanol performed almost equally in attracting ambrosia beetles in Italy, whereas hardwood-blend and softwood-blend were more attractive to broadleaf-associated species and conifer-associated species, respectively, in Canada. In general, we showed that trapping variables suitable for generic surveillance of longhorn and jewel beetles may also be exploited for survey of bark and ambrosia beetles, but trapping protocols must be adjusted depending on the forest type.

Disruption of coniferophagous bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) mass attack using angiosperm nonhost volatiles: from concept to operational use

2020 ◽  
Vol 153 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-35
Author(s):  
Dezene P.W. Huber ◽  
Christopher J. Fettig ◽  
John H. Borden
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Insect Herbivory ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Forest Pests ◽  
Nonhost Volatiles ◽  
Bark And Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Mass Attack ◽  
Individual Trees

AbstractAlthough the use of nonhost plants intercropped among host crops has been a standard agricultural practice for reducing insect herbivory for millennia, the use of nonhost signals to deter forest pests is much more recent, having been developed over the past several decades. Early exploratory studies with synthetic nonhost volatile semiochemicals led to targeted electrophysiological and trapping experiments on a variety of bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) across three continents. This work disclosed a suite of antennally and behaviourally active nonhost volatiles, which are detected in common across a range of coniferophagous bark beetles. It also established the fact that dispersing bark and ambrosia beetles detect nonhost signals while in flight and avoid nonhost trees without necessarily landing on them. Later work showed that groups of synthetic nonhost volatiles, sometimes combined with insect-derived antiaggregants, are effective in protecting individual trees and forest stands. Further work in this system may lead to the development of a variety of new and useful tactics for use in various integrated pest management strategies.

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