scholarly journals Molecular phylogeography and reproductive biology of the freshwater snail Tarebia granifera in Thailand and Timor (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae): morphological disparity versus genetic diversity

2018 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 461-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuanpan Veeravechsukij ◽  
Duangduen Krailas ◽  
Suluck Namchote ◽  
Benedikt Wiggering ◽  
Marco T. Neiber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Shell Morphology ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Trematode Species ◽  
Species Differentiation ◽  
Haplotype Networks ◽  
Mtdna Sequence

The freshwater thiarid gastropod Tarebiagranifera (Lamarck, 1816), including taxa considered either congeneric or conspecific by earlier authors, is widespread and abundant in various lentic and lotic water bodies in mainland and insular Southeast Asia, with its range extending onto islands in the Indo-West-Pacific. This snail is, as one of the most frequent and major first intermediate host, an important vector for digenic trematodes causing several human diseases. As a typical thiarid T.granifera is viviparous and parthenogenetic, with various embryonic stages up to larger shelled juveniles developing within the female’s subhemocoelic (i.e non-uterine) brood pouch. Despite the known conchological disparity in other thiarids as well as this taxon, in Thailand Tarebia has been reported with the occurrence of one species only. In light of the polytypic variations found in shell morphology of freshwater snails in general and this taxon in particular, the lack of a modern taxonomic-systematic revision, using molecular genetics, has hampered more detailed insights to date, for example, into the locally varying trematode infection rates found in populations of Tarebia from across its range in Thailand as well as neighboring countries and areas. Here, we integrate evidence from phylogeographical analyses based on phenotypic variation (shell morphology, using biometry and geometric morphometrics) with highly informative and heterogeneous mtDNA sequence data (from the gene fragments cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and 16 S rRNA). We evaluate both the morphological and molecular genetic variation (using several phylogenetic analyses, including haplotype networks and a dated molecular tree), in correlation with differences in the reproductive biology among populations of Tarebia from various water bodies in the north, northwest, central, and south of Thailand, supplementing our respective analyses of parasite infections of this thiarid by cercaria of 15 trematode species, reported in a parallel study. Based on the comparison of topotypical material from the island of Timor, with specimens from 12 locations as reference, we found significant, albeit not congruent variation of both phenotype and genotype in Tarebiagranifera, based on 1,154 specimens from 95 Thai samples, representing a geographically wide-ranging, river-based cross-section of this country. Our analyses indicate the existence of two genetically distinct clades and hint at possible species differentiation within what has been traditionally considered as T.granifera. These two lineages started to split about 5 mya, possibly related to marine transgressions forming what became known as biogeographical barrier north of the Isthmus of Kra. Grounded on the site-by-site analysis of individual Tarebia populations, our country-wide chorological approach focussing on the conchologically distinct and genetically diverse lineages of Tarebia allows to discuss questions of this either reflecting subspecific forms versus being distinct species within a narrowly delimited species complex. Our results, therefore, provide the ground for new perspectives on the phylogeography, evolution and parasitology of Thai freshwater gastropods, exemplified here by these highly important thiarids.

Contrasting the population genetic structure of two velvet worm taxa (Onychophora : Peripatopsidae : Peripatopsis) in forest fragments along the south-eastern Cape, South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Savel R. Daniels ◽  
Megan Dreyer ◽  
Prashant P. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Mtdna Coi ◽  
Haplotype Networks ◽  
Velvet Worm

During the present study, we examined the phylogeography and systematics of two species of velvet worm (Peripatopsis Pocock, 1894) in the forested region of the southern Cape of South Africa. A total of 89 P. moseleyi (Wood-Mason, 1879) and 65 P. sedgwicki (Purcell, 1899) specimens were collected and sequenced for the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mtDNA (COI). In addition, a single P. sedgwicki specimen per sample locality was sequenced for the 18S rRNA locus. Furthermore, morphological variation among P. sedgwicki sample localities were explored using traditional alpha taxonomic characters. DNA sequence data were subjected to phylogenetic analyses using Bayesian inference and population genetic analyses using haplotype networks and analyses of molecular variance (AMOVAs). Phylogenetic results revealed the presence of four and three clades within P. moseleyi and P. sedgwicki respectively. Haplotype networks were characterised by the absence of shared haplotypes between clades, suggesting genetic isolation, a result corroborated by the AMOVA and highly significant FST values. Specimens from Fort Fordyce Nature Reserve were both genetically and morphologically distinct from the two remaining P. sedgwicki clades. The latter result suggests the presence of a novel lineage nested within P. sedgwicki and suggests that species boundaries within this taxon require re-examination.

scholarly journals Molecular and morphological systematics of a new, reef forming, cupped oyster from the northern Arabian Gulf: Talonostrea salpinx new species

ZooKeys ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1043 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Manal Al-Kandari ◽  
P. Graham Oliver ◽  
Daniele Salvi
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Arabian Gulf ◽  
Shell Morphology ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Cupped Oyster ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene ◽  
I Gene

The rocky northern shores of Kuwait and those of the western, inner shores of Kuwait Bay are dominated by a small, densely encrusting oyster. The identity of this oyster has never been confirmed and was mistaken previously for a small Saccostrea. The shell morphology suggests that this species belongs to the subfamily Crassostreinae, but within that subfamily, the presence of marginal erect trumpet-shaped projections is so far unique. Phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data confirmed that this species belongs to the Crassostreinae and has a sister position to the clade including Talonostrea talonata and T. zhanjiangensis. Genetic distance between this species and Talonostrea species is remarkably high, being ~20% for the cytochrome oxidase I gene and ~7% for the 16S rRNA gene. Based on morphological and molecular analyses, this oyster is therefore described here as Talonostrea salpinx Oliver, Salvi & Al-Kandari, sp. nov. Shell morphology is shown to be variable, and the different forms encountered are described. The wider distribution and origins of this species, whether native or introduced, are discussed.

Comparison of the mitochondrial phylogeographical structure of a generalist and two specialist frog species reveals contrasting patterns in the Eastern and Western Cape provinces of South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 783-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith N T Kushata ◽  
Werner Conradie ◽  
Michael I Cherry ◽  
Savel R Daniels
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Genetic Structuring ◽  
Haplotype Networks ◽  
Mtdna Sequence ◽  
Frog Species ◽  
Maternal Gene

Abstract In this study, we examined the phylogeographical structure of three frog species (Anhydrophryne rattrayi, Arthroleptis wageri and Cacosternum nanum) in the Eastern and Western Cape provinces of South Africa. The first two species are forest dwelling and exhibit direct development, whereas the last species is a habitat generalist, breeding in open freshwater bodies and exhibiting rapid metamorphosis. Evolutionary relationships were inferred using combined mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data [16S rRNA and cytochrome b (Cytb)]. Divergence times were estimated for each species using the combined mtDNA dataset, and population genetic structuring was inferred using haplotype networks and analysis of molecular variance using the rapidly evolving Cytb locus. The two forest-dwelling species (Anhydrophryne rattrayi and Arthroleptis wageri) each revealed two statistically well-supported clades and were characterized by marked genetic differentiation and the general absence of shared maternal haplotypes, indicating no maternal gene flow between conspecific populations; a result corroborated by moderate values of pairwise genetic distance. In contrast, for the generalist species C. nanum, two shallow clades were observed and several haplotypes were shared between localities, indicating moderate maternal gene flow. Diversification in the two forest-dwelling species occurred during the Plio-Pleistocene climatic oscillations and was associated with increased xeric conditions, whereas in C. nanum a recent, Holocene divergence was inferred. Ancient climatic factors thought to be causal in the divergences within each of the three species are discussed. The marked mtDNA differentiation in the two forest specialist species suggests the presence of distinct management units that should be considered in future conservation management decisions.

Molecular systematics of Australian rhinolophid bats (Chiroptera : Rhinolophidae)

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. B. Cooper ◽  
T. B. Reardon ◽  
J. Skilins
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Species Concept ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Mtdna Sequence ◽  
Geographic Populations

Genetic variation in two morphologically distinct species of Australian Rhinolophus, R. megaphyllus, and R. philippinensis, and a third putative species (‘the intermediate’) were examined using allozyme electrophoresis and sequencing of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region with the aim of resolving their taxonomic status. The surprising result was that no fixed allozymic differences and low allozyme divergence existed among these three taxa over 45 loci examined. In contrast, levels of intra-generic divergence among eight species of Rhinolophus showed up to 50% fixed allozyme differences between species, indicating that low allozyme divergence was not a common feature of the genus and that the three Australian taxa are likely to be monophyletic and recently diverged. Phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA sequence data revealed that populations of R. megaphyllus and R. philippinensis from Sabah, New Guinea, and Australia were represented by distinct mtDNA clades and that the two species are polyphyletic. These data suggest a reclassification of the different geographic populations of R. megaphyllus and R. philippinensis as separate species on the basis of a phylogenetic species concept. Within Australia, three distinct mtDNA clades were found, one of which showed ‘the intermediate’ in paraphyly with R. philippinensis from Queensland, but does not resolve the taxonomic status of ‘the intermediate’. Two mtDNA clades were also found representing R. megaphyllus from Queensland and R. megaphyllus from Victoria and New South Wales respectively. The finding of genetic subdivision along the east coast of Australia in an apparently continuously distributed bat species raises questions of the origin and historical biogeography of these bats in Australia.

Identifying species of Bythinella (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea): A plea for an integrative approach

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1563 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN HAASE ◽  
THOMAS WILKE ◽  
PAUL MILDNER
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Shell Morphology ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
The South ◽  
Stem Species ◽  
Last Ice Age ◽  
Large Scale Project

The genus Bythinella comprises many species throughout Europe, but species delimitation, traditionally based on shell morphology and genital anatomy, is often a matter of debate. Out of an ongoing large-scale project on the phylogeny of the genus, we analyzed the relationships of species occurring in the south Austrian province Carinthia and in neighboring Slovenia as a model for similar cases of systematic and taxonomic ambiguity. Our analyses based on sequence data of a fragment of COI comprising 638 bp, morphological and anatomical investigations confirmed the presence of three species, B. opaca (Gallenstein, 1848), B. robiciana (Clessin, 1890) and B. angelitae nom. nov. for B. opaca (Frauenfeld, 1857). The latter, while genetically distinct, is morphologically and anatomically cryptic in that it can only be distinguished from B. opaca by the denticulation of the radular marginal teeth. B. robiciana, on the other hand, is morphologically well defined, but genetically not separable from B. opaca, its stem species. Thus, taxonomy in Bythinella has to be based on the integration of morphology, anatomy and genetics. Our phylogenetic analyses suggest that B. opaca has colonized Carinthia, which has largely been covered by glaciers during the last ice age, along two routes, one from the south and a second one from the southeast.

scholarly journals DNA from a 100-year-old holotype confirms the validity of a potentially extinct hummingbird species

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy J. Kirchman ◽  
Christopher C. Witt ◽  
Jimmy A. McGuire ◽  
Gary R. Graves
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Mtdna Sequence ◽  
Well Differentiated

We used mtDNA sequence data to confirm that the controversial 100-year-old holotype of the Bogotá sunangel ( Heliangelus zusii ) represents a valid species. We demonstrate that H. zusii is genetically well differentiated from taxa previously hypothesized to have given rise to the specimen via hybridization. Phylogenetic analyses place H. zusii as sister to a clade of mid- to high-elevation Andean species currently placed in the genera Taphrolesbia and Aglaiocercus. Heliangelus zusii , presumed extinct, has never been observed in nature by biologists. We infer that the species occupied a restricted distribution between the upper tropical and temperate zones of the northern Andes and that it was most probably driven to extinction by deforestation that accompanied human population growth during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. We demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining DNA from nearly microscopic tissue samples from old hummingbird specimens and suggest that these methods could be used to resolve the taxonomy of dozens of avian taxa known only from type specimens.

Molecular evolution of freshwater snail intermediate hosts within the Bulinus forskalii group

Parasitology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 123 (7) ◽  
pp. 277-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. JONES ◽  
D. ROLLINSON ◽  
R. MIMPFOUNDI ◽  
J. OUMA ◽  
H. C. KARIUKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Freshwater Snail ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Species Differentiation ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
East African ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Mtdna Sequence

Freshwater snails of the Bulinus forskalii group are one of four Bulinus species complexes responsible for the transmission of schistosomes in Africa and adjacent regions. The species status of these conchologically variable and widely distributed planorbids remains unclear, and parasite compatibility varies considerably amongst the eleven taxa defined, making unambiguous identification and differentiation important prerequisites for determining their distributions and evolutionary relationships. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses were used to investigate relationships between taxa, with particular emphasis on Central and West African representatives. RAPD-derived phylogenies were compared with those from other independent molecular markers, including partial sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, and the nuclear ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacer 1 region (ITS1). The phylogenetic reconstructions from the three approaches were essentially congruent, in that all methods of analysis gave unstable tree topologies or largely unresolved branches. There were large sequence divergence estimates between species, with few characters useful for determining relationships between species and limited within species differentiation. Nuclear and mtDNA sequence data from Central and East African representatives of the pan-African B. forskalii showed little evidence of geographical structuring. Despite the unresolved structure within the phylogenies, specimens from the same species clustered together indicating that all methods were capable of differentiating taxa but could not establish the inter-specific relationships with confidence. The limited genetic variation displayed by B. forskalii, and the evolution and speciose nature of the group, are discussed in the context of the increasingly arid climate of the late Miocene and early Pliocene of Africa.

scholarly journals A glimpse in the dark? A first phylogenetic approach in a widespread freshwater snail from tropical Asia and northern Australia (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dusit Boonmekam ◽  
Duangduen Krailas ◽  
France Gimnich ◽  
Marco T. Neiber ◽  
Matthias Glaubrecht
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Reproductive Mode ◽  
Freshwater Snail ◽  
Shell Morphology ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Nominal Species ◽  
Oriental Region ◽  
Tropical Asia ◽  
Tropical Areas

Thiaridae are a speciose group of freshwater snails in tropical areas including a high number of described nominal taxa for which modern revisions are mostly lacking. Using an integrative approach, the systematic status of a group of thiarids from the Oriental region, including the nominal speciesMelaniaasperaandM.rudis, is reassessed on the basis of shell morphology and biometry, radula dentition patterns, and reproductive biology along with molecular genetic methods. Our results suggest that populations from the Oriental region cannot be distinguished on the basis of shell morphology, radula characters and their reproductive mode and are monophyletic based on mitochondrial sequences. Hence,M.rudiswithM.asperaare regarded as belonging to the same species along with several other nominal taxa that were previously included inM.rudis. Moreover, populations from Thailand and Australia, from where the species was not previously recorded, could be shown to form a monophyletic group together with samples from Indonesia. However, a generic affiliation withThiara, in which the investigated taxa were often included in the past, was not supported in our phylogenetic analyses, highlighting the need for a comprehensive revision of the genus-group systematics of Thiaridae as a whole.

Molecular species boundaries in the phreatoicidean genus Amphisopus (Isopoda : Amphisopidae) and evidence for a new freshwater isopod species from Western Australia

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin Gouws ◽  
Barbara A. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Species Boundaries ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Mtdna Sequence ◽  
Allozyme Loci ◽  
Genetic Species

The freshwater isopod genus Amphisopus is one of only two phreatoicidean genera in Western Australia with wide distributions and containing multiple described species. Two species (Amphisopus annectans and A. lintoni) are known from the south-western part of the state. With recent sampling extending the known range of Amphisopus and the recorded possibility of an undescribed species, this study aimed to examine genetic species boundaries and to detect additional species diversity. Isopods were sampled from across the range, and genetic structure was examined using mtDNA sequence data from a COI fragment and data from ten polymorphic allozyme loci. While allozyme data supported the clear separation of the known species, phylogenetic analyses presented three divergent monophyletic, geographically restricted clades occurring in the western, eastern and central parts of the Amphisopus distribution. These corresponded to A. annectans, A. lintoni and an undescribed species, respectively. The latter’s status was supported by its phylogenetic position relative to the known species and by the extent of differentiation observed among other phreatoicidean taxa. As with other taxa from the region, divergence times among these three species supported aridity in the Miocene–Pliocene as a driver of diversification, and suggested the existence of wetter refugial areas in south-western Australia.

Diversity of Karyolysus and Schellackia from the Iberian lizard Lacerta schreiberi with sequence data from engorged ticks

Parasitology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 146 (13) ◽  
pp. 1690-1698
Author(s):  
Kristína Zechmeisterová ◽  
Joëlle Goüy de Bellocq ◽  
Pavel Široký
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Blood Parasites ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Blood Smears ◽  
The World ◽  
Life Cycle Patterns

AbstractApicomplexan haemoparasites of the genera Schellackia Reichenow, 1919, and Karyolysus Labbé, 1894, seem to be common in lizards and widespread across the world. For decades, their identification has been based on morphological descriptions and life cycle patterns, with molecular characterizations, applied only recently. We used molecular characterization to confirm the identification of haemoparasites detected by microscopy in blood smears of Lacerta schreiberi Bedriaga, 1878, a lizard of the Iberian Peninsula. Since blood samples other than blood smears were not available from the studied lizards, 264 engorged ticks Ixodes ricinus (Linneaus, 1758) collected from them were used as an alternative non-invasive source of haemoparasite DNA for molecular genetic analyses. Of the 48 blood smears microscopically examined, 31 were positive for blood parasites (64.6% prevalence). We identified trophozoites and gamonts similar to Karyolysus lacazei (Labbé, 1894) (24/48; 50%) and Schellackia-like sporozoites (20/48; 41.7%). Mixed infections with both species occurred in 13 blood smears (27.1%). Sequence data were obtained for both parasites from engorged ticks. Phylogenetic analyses placed our unique haemogregarine sequence within the Karyolysus clade, nevertheless, within substantial polytomy. Thus, according to its morphology and effect on the host cell, we refer to this haemogregarine as Karyolysus cf. lacazei. Besides the Schellackia sequences being identical to a previously identified haplotype, we also obtained sequences of three new closely related haplotypes.

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