Synergistic Oxidative Effects of Smoking and Pesticides Exposure on Reproductive Male Sex Hormones

Sex differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD), including aortic stenosis, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular calcification, are well documented. High levels of testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular calcification, whilst estrogen, the primary female sex hormone, is considered cardioprotective. Current understanding of sexual dimorphism in cardiovascular calcification is still very limited. This review assesses the evidence that the actions of sex hormones influence the development of cardiovascular calcification. We address the current question of whether sex hormones could play a role in the sexual dimorphism seen in cardiovascular calcification, by discussing potential mechanisms of actions of sex hormones and evidence in pre-clinical research. More advanced investigations and understanding of sex hormones in calcification could provide a better translational outcome for those suffering with cardiovascular calcification.

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THE MALE SEX HORMONES OF HUMAN URINE AND BLOOD

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1016/s0021-9258(18)73920-3 ◽

1938 ◽

Vol 126 (1) ◽

pp. 299-303

Author(s):

D. Roy McCullagh ◽

W.O. Osborn

Keyword(s):

Sex Hormones ◽

Human Urine ◽

Male Sex

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Sexual Aggressivity and Androgens

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.151.3.398 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 151 (3) ◽

pp. 398-400 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

J. Raboch ◽

H. Černá ◽

P. Zemek

Keyword(s):

Sexual Activity ◽

Sex Hormones ◽

Aggressive Behaviour ◽

Point Of View ◽

The Other ◽

Klinefelter’S Syndrome ◽

Klinefelter's Syndrome ◽

Sexually Aggressive ◽

Male Sex ◽

Low Levels

Male sex hormones are ascribed a great importance in the literature from the point of view of sexual activity and aggressive behaviour. Two cases of sexually motivated murder are described, committed by delinquents with low levels of testosterone in plasma: one a patient with Klinefelter's syndrome; the other a man after castration. Even a decreased level of androgens, either primary or secondary, is not an absolute prevention of sexually aggressive behaviour.

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Virtual screening attributes male biased COVID-19 mortality to predicted antiviral activity of female sex hormones

Letters in Drug Design & Discovery ◽

10.2174/1570180818666210528153844 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 ◽

Author(s):

Galal Yahya ◽

Basem Mansour ◽

Kristina Keuper ◽

Moataz Shaldam ◽

Ahmed El-Baz

Keyword(s):

Virtual Screening ◽

Sex Hormones ◽

Hospital Admissions ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Antiviral Effect ◽

Sex Hormone ◽

Female Sex ◽

Female Sex Hormones ◽

Disaggregated Data ◽

Male Sex

Background: Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a newly emerged pandemic leading to a state of international alert with millions of infected individuals and thousands of deaths all over the world. Analysis of statistics and epidemiological data for the pandemic outcome pinpointed a puzzling influence of human sex on the heterogeneous outcome of COVID-19, where hospital admissions and mortality were higher among males than females. Two theories explained the observed male-biased COVID-19 mortality based on either dosage of immunoregulatory genes coded in X- chromosomes or on the abundance of the angiotensin-converting enzyme two (ACE2) receptors in males than females. Objective: In our study, we propose a third scenario through virtual screening of direct antiviral effects of sex hormones. Materials & Methods: Updated screening statistics from 47 countries displaying sex-disaggregated data on COVID-19 were employed and visualized in the form of heatmaps depicting sex difference effects on statistics of cases and deaths. Molecular docking and binding simulations of investigated sex steroids against COVID-19 specific proteins were investigated. Results: Analysis of COVID-19 sex-disaggregated data confirmed that male-biased mortality and computer-aided docking found unexpected female sex hormones biased binding against key targets implicated in the life cycle of COVID-19 compared to the male sex hormone testosterone. Other investigated steroids showed promising docking scores, while the male sex hormone exhibited the lowest affinity. Conclusion: Female sex hormones virtually exhibited direct COVID-19 effect. The proposed antiviral effect of sex hormones should be considered to explain the outcomes of mortality; moreover, the fluctuation of sex hormones influences sex and personal derived-differential response to COVID-19 infection.

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Disruption of male sex hormones with regard to pesticides: pathophysiological and regulatory aspects

Toxicology Letters ◽

10.1016/s0378-4274(99)00051-x ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 107 (1-3) ◽

pp. 225-231 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Evamarie Straube ◽

Wolfgang Straube ◽

Egon Krüger ◽

Matthias Bradatsch ◽

Margitta Jacob-Meisel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sex Hormones ◽

Regulatory Aspects ◽

Male Sex

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Coronary heart disease and male sex hormones

BMJ ◽

10.1136/bmj.1.6116.852 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 1 (6116) ◽

pp. 852-852

Author(s):

R. West

Keyword(s):

Coronary Heart Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Sex Hormones ◽

Male Sex

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Disbalance of testosterone is a risk factor of the beginning of ischemic stroke of middle age men

Bulletin of Siberian Medicine ◽

10.20538/1682-0363-2008-0-23-28 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 23-28

Author(s):

B. M. Doronin ◽

Ye. A. Vas’kina ◽

O. A. Denisova

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Body Mass ◽

Sex Hormones ◽

Critical Period ◽

Middle Age ◽

Hormone Concentration ◽

Hormonal Dysfunction ◽

Male Sex

The aim of work is to exposure how disbalance of male sex hormones in the period of the age-specific reorganization affects development of atherosclerosis and vascular disorders by the example of ischemic stroke, establishment of correlation between hormonal dysfunction by the example testosterone and lipid metabolism according to the somatic type in the critical period of ischemic stroke. The pilot analysis of level of sex hormones by the example testosterone, lipids and body mass index confirms that there is correlation between these indices. Rising of body mass index is accompanied by reduction of sex hormone concentration, but for all that levels of cholesterol and atherogenic fraction are increased.

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