scholarly journals Proposed LEED Credit for Electrical Load Shedding

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
Wayne Jensen ◽  
Tim Wentz ◽  
Bruce Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Load Shedding ◽  
Electrical Load ◽  
Peak Loads ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Agricultural Applications ◽  
Electrical Loads ◽  
Electrical Demand ◽  
The Cost

The cost of energy is a significant percentage of the operating expense for most buildings. Energy used within buildings is supplied primarily by electricity. Demand for electricity used in industrial and agricultural applications is frequently leveled by shifting portions of peak loads to non-peak periods. Leveling electrical loads reduces the utility's carbon footprint and the cost of generating power. Resulting savings are commonly shared with customers through economic incentives. Similar techniques can be applied to control the energy demand of buildings, with benefits for both the electrical utility and electricity users. This paper provides an overview of electrical load-shedding techniques, outlines some of the benefits and problems associated with each, and discusses how some of these techniques are currently being applied to reduce the total electrical load for buildings. The paper also proposes a LEED credit which provides an incentive for owners and tenants to incorporate one or more load-shedding systems into LEED certified buildings to lower peak electrical demand.

scholarly journals Smart Energy Management for Unlocking Demand Response in the Residential Sector

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (15) ◽  
pp. 1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangping Chen ◽  
Kui Weng ◽  
Fanlin Meng ◽  
Monjur Mourshed
Keyword(s):  
Energy Management ◽  
Demand Response ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Residential Sector ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Smart Energy Management ◽  
Electrical Demand ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Pv Generation

This paper presents a smart energy management system for unlocking demand response in the UK residential sector. The approach comprises the estimation of one-hour energy demand and PV generation (supply) for scheduling the 24-h ahead demand profiles by shifting potential flexible loads. Real-time electrical demand is met by combining power supplies from PV, grid and batteries while minimizing consumer’s cost of energy. The results show that the peak-to-average ratio is reduced by 22.9% with the cost saving of 34.6% for the selected day.

scholarly journals Photovoltaic Solar Energy: Is It Applicable in Brazil? – A Review Applied to Brazilian Case

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-120
Author(s):  
Wilmer Emilio García Moreno ◽  
Andressa Ullmann Duarte ◽  
Litiéle dos Santos ◽  
Rogério Vescia Lourega
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Solar Cell ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Photovoltaic Solar Energy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Photovoltaic Technologies ◽  
Brazilian Case

AbstractThe photovoltaic technologies have been developed year by year in different countries; however, there are some countries where this kind of energy is being born, such as the Brazilian case. In this paper, some important parameters are analysed and applied to different solar cell materials, identifying that if the fossil fuels were substituted by solar cells, it would reduce the CO2 emissions by 93.2%. In addition, it is shown that the efficiency of solar cells is not as farther as it could be thought from coal thermoelectrical plants in Brazil and the cost of energy using solar cells could be as good as these thermoelectrical plants. Finally, the potentiality of Brazilian territory to implant this technology is presented, identifying that with the use of 0.2% of the territory, the energy demand could be supplied.

scholarly journals A Model Unavailability Perspective of Existing Nigerian Township Electricity Distribution

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Melodi Adegoke Oladipo ◽  
Temikotan Kehinde Olusesan
Keyword(s):  
Load Shedding ◽  
Distribution Automation ◽  
Automation System ◽  
Electricity Distribution ◽  
Load Carrying Capacity ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Representative System ◽  
The Cost

The study aimed to investigate and obtain model values of system unavailability and cost of energy not supplied in existing Nigerian township electricity distributions using a robust representative system. Outage data was obtained from system records for analysis using frequency distribution statistics to identify the causes of outages, and the contribution of each cause of outage to the overall system outage. The cost of energy not supplied (CENS) due to faults, was evaluated at a rate of NGN6 per kWHr. An analysis of the results shows that in a distribution feeder (and system) unavailability is mainly due to load shedding arising and faults; feeder unavailability involving load shedding is 0.25, and 0.1 without load shedding. Compared with standard UA value for well managed systems of less than or 0.01, the obtained unavailability values for a feeder show that downtime management was poor, and the corresponding cost – prohibitive. In view of the regular load shedding on the feeders and poor downtime management, this study recommends a need to obtain model loadflow perspective of township electricity distribution to ascertain load carrying capacity, and the application of distribution automation system or other effective strategies to mitigate downtime.

scholarly journals Potential of wind energy resources around Nasawana village in Nabouwalu, Vanua Levu, Fiji

2020 ◽  
pp. 014459872097067
Author(s):  
Krishnam Nair ◽  
Ajal Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Wind Analysis ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Wind Resource ◽  
Wind Energy Resources

Fiji is located in the South Western part of the Pacific between latitude 18° S and longitude 179° E. In 2018, Fiji has spent approximately FJD 800 million in importing fossil fuel to meet the rising energy demand in the country. In the previous year’s several solar PV and wind resource assessments has been done and results obtained indicated that there is a potential for grid connected electricity generation using recommended resources. This study was carried out in the Nasawana Village (16°55.3 S and 178°47.4 E) to determine the options to use electricity derived from the wind. Wind analysis was carried out using Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP) that predicted the wind speed of 6.96 ms−1 and a power density of 256 Wm−2 at 55 m a.g.l. The annual energy production predicted for a single wind turbine (Vergnet 275 kW) is approximately 631.6 MWh with a capacity factor of 26%. The cost of energy per kWh is estimated as FJD 0.10 with a payback period of 7 years.

scholarly journals Economic Feasibility of Photovoltaic Micro-Installations Connected to the Brazilian Distribution Grid in Light of Proposed Changes to Regulations

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1529
Author(s):  
Gabriel Nasser Doyle de Doile ◽  
Paulo Rotella Junior ◽  
Priscila França Gonzaga Carneiro ◽  
Rogério Santana Peruchi ◽  
Luiz Célio Souza Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Agency ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
The Cost

Brazil is currently undergoing changes to regulations on distributed generation (DG), specifically for solar energy micro-generation. The changes proposed by the Brazilian Regulatory Agency suggest that only the cost of energy be compensated to investors. The service costs and other charges related to energy tariffs must be divided among consumers. Investors with existing installations and class entities have contested these proposals, calling them “sun-fees”. To date, no scientific papers have been published discussing these changes. The new regulations propose an end to cross subsidies, where all consumers (even those who do not have DG) pay for the transmission and distribution systems. This study compares the economic feasibility of micro-generation before and after implementing the new standards proposed by the regulatory agency. We used data on average electrical energy demand, energy price, and solar radiation in different regions. The national averages were used as a base comparison with other scenarios. The results show that projects are viable for all analyzed scenarios, however, after implementing the proposed changes, the discounted payback time is extended. This, however, does not make projects unfeasible.

scholarly journals Desain Sistem Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Hybrid Diesel Generator-PV Menggunakan Software HOMER (Studi Kasus: KM Barcelona 1 di Pelabuhan Manado)

Jurnal MIPA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Olive Ang Jaya ◽  
Hesky Stevy Kolibu ◽  
Verna Albert Suoth
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Electrical Load ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Diesel Generator ◽  
Generation System ◽  
Hybrid Power ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Power Generation System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Simulated Scenario

Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk merancang sistem pembangkit listrik hybrid menggunakan software HOMER. Data beban listrik yang digunakan pada penelitian ini diambil dari kapal motor Barcelona 1 dengan rute perjalanan Manado-Tahuna dan data radiasi matahari diambil dari website NASA yang diakses melalui software HOMER. Data-data itu dimasukkan pada software HOMER untuk disimulasikan. Skenario 1 dibuat sesuai dengan kondisi sebenarnya di kapal dan skenario 2 merupakan desain sistem pembangkit listrik hybrid yang menggunakan photovoltaic. Berdasarkan simulasi yang telah dilakukan, desain pembangkit listrik pada skenario 2 lebih optimal  dengan nilai NPC (Net Present Cost) yaitu US$833.174 dan nilai Cost of Energy (COE) yaitu US$0,406. Skenario tersebut terdiri dari generator berkapasitas 10 kW dan panel surya 58,6 kWResearch has been conducted to design a hybrid power generation system using HOMER software. The electrical load data used in this study was taken from the Barcelona 1 motorship with the Manado-Tahuna travel route and solar radiation data taken from the NASA website accessed via the HOMER software. The data was entered into the HOMER software to be simulated. Scenario 1 is made according to the actual conditions on the ship and scenario 2 is a design of a hybrid power generation system that uses photovoltaic. Based on the simulation that has been done, the design of the power plant in scenario 2 is more optimal with the value of NPC (Net Present Cost) which is US$833,174 and the Cost of Energy (COE) value is US$0.406. The scenario consists of generators with a capacity of 10 kW and solar panels 58.6 kW

scholarly journals A Solution to the Problem of Electrical Load Shedding Using Hybrid PV/Battery/Grid-Connected System: The Case of Households’ Energy Supply of the Northern Part of Cameroon

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2836
Author(s):  
Ruben Zieba Falama ◽  
Felix Ngangoum Welaji ◽  
Abdouramani Dadjé ◽  
Virgil Dumbrava ◽  
Noël Djongyang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Load Shedding ◽  
Electrical Load ◽  
Battery System ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
Battery Energy ◽  
Optimal Configurations

A techno-economic study of a hybrid PV/Battery/Grid-connected system for energy supply is carried out in this paper to respond to the problem of electrical load shedding. An optimal design of the system is realized thanks to a double-objective optimization based on a proposed operational strategy of the system and on Firefly Algorithm (FA). The system is designed for household energy supply in three different towns of the northern part of Cameroon. For different LPSP (Loss of Power Supply Probability), the double objective simulation determines the optimal configurations of the system with their related cost. The optimal and reliable PV/Battery subsystem configuration corresponding to LPSP of 0% obtained for one household is composed for the towns of Maroua and Garoua by 8 PV modules and a battery capacity of 11.304 kWh with 1-day autonomy. For the town of Ngaoundéré, it is composed by 10 PV modules and battery capacity of 11.304 kWh with 1-day autonomy. The related investment costs corresponding to these optimal configurations are USD 6225.6 for Maroua and Garoua and USD 7136.6 for Ngaoundéré. The great proportion of the monthly energy demand consumed by the load is provided by the PV/Battery system. The monthly PV/Battery energy represents 60.385% to 72.546% of the load consumed in Maroua, 58.371% to 71.855% of the load consumed in Garoua, and 61.233% to 74.160% of the load consumed in Ngaoundéré. The annual main grid energy consumed for one household is 1299.524 kWh in Maroua, 1352.818 kWh in Garoua, and 1260.876 kWh in Ngaoundéré. Moreover, the annual PV/Battery energy consumed for one household is 1580.730 kWh in Maroua, 1527.815 kWh in Garoua, and 1619.530 kWh in Ngaoundéré. Thus, the PV/Battery system, by reducing the grid energy consumption, acts as the principal source of energy of the whole system. The time the PV/Battery/Grid-connected system needs to be economically more advantageous than the electric grid without blackouts is 17 years for Maroua and 18 years for both Garoua and Ngaoundéré. It is demonstrated in this paper that the hybrid PV/Battery/Grid-connected system is an effective solution for electrical load shedding in sub-Saharan zones. This system is very useful for grid energy consumption reduction. For a long-term investment, the PV/Battery/Grid-connected system is more economically advantageous than the main grid alone.

scholarly journals Priority Based Hybrid Renewable Energy Model for J&K

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-86
Author(s):  
Showkat Rasool Dar ◽  
Gopal Naryal ◽  
Anand Mohan
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Hybrid System ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Hilly Region ◽  
Tremendous Amount ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Hybrid Renewable Energy

This paper presents energy requirements of J&K state of India with the present policies and future planning for the best utilization of the available resources. There will be acceleration in the future developmental graph in the country like India resulting in bulk of the energy demand. The procedures and methods applied currently adopted in renewable field aims for exploring possible energy production while considering the environmental impact. The hilly region such as J&K and Ladakh region has tremendous amount of renewable energy potential. The presentation of this paper aims the cost analysis of hybrid power system in the region. For optimization and sensitivity analysis, HOMER pro version 3.23.8 is used. The renewable resources for selected area are analyzed in Global Solar atlas (GSA) and Global wind atlas (GWA) and the result is compared with the meteorological tower data set. The modeling of the hybrid system is purposed on a 10% of load variability and as a result of the study, the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) from the hybrid system is obtained 0.0466 USD/kWh which will be 30 to 50 percent cheaper than the priceofelectricityfrom conventional system.

scholarly journals Green Hydrogen Value Chain in the Sustainability for Port Operations: Case Study in the Region of Valparaiso, Chile

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 13681
Author(s):  
Yunesky Masip Macía ◽  
Pablo Rodríguez Machuca ◽  
Angel Alexander Rodríguez Soto ◽  
Roberto Carmona Campos
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Diesel Generator ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Main Components ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Port Facility

The paper presents a complete value chain for the use of green hydrogen in a port facility. The main objective was to propose the sizing of the main components that make up green hydrogen to ensure the supply of 1 MWe in replacing the diesel generator. The energy demand required for the port was determined by establishing the leading small and large-scale conventional energy-consuming equipment. Hence, 60 kgH2 was required to ensure the power supply. The total electrical energy to produce all the hydrogen was generated from photovoltaic solar energy, considering three-generation scenarios (minimum, maximum and the annual average). In all cases, the energy supply in the electrolyzer was 3.08 MWe. In addition, the effect of generating in the port facility using a diesel generator and a fuel cell was compared. The cost of 1 kgH2 could be 4.09 times higher than the cost of 1 L of diesel, meaning that the output kWh of each system is economically similar. In addition, the value of electrical energy through a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) was a maximum of 79.79 times the value of a liter of diesel. Finally, the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) was calculated for two conditions in which the MWe was obtained from the fuel cell without and with the photovoltaic solar plant.

Optical properties of a thin layer of the Vanadium dioxide at the metal state

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2303-2310
Author(s):  
Abderrahim Benchaib ◽  
Abdesselam Mdaa ◽  
Izeddine Zorkani ◽  
Anouar Jorio
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Vanadium Dioxide ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Metal State ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Reversible Phase

The vanadium dioxide VO₂ currently became very motivating for the nanotechnologies’ researchers. It makes party of the intelligent materials because these optical properties abruptly change semiconductor state with metal at a critical  temperature θ = 68°C. This transition from reversible phase is carried out from a monoclinical structure characterizing its semiconductor state at low temperature towards the metal state of this material which becomes tétragonal rutile for  θ ˃ 68°C ; it is done during a few nanoseconds. Several studies were made on this material in a massive state and a thin layer. We will simulate by Maple the constant optics of a thin layer of VO₂ thickness z = 82 nm for the metal state according to the energy ω of the incidental photons in the energy interval: 0.001242 ≤ ω(ev) ≤ 6, from the infra-red (I.R) to the ultra-violet (U.V) so as to be able to control the various technological nano applications, like the detectors I.R or the U.V,  the intelligent windows to  increase  the energy efficiency in the buildings in order to save the cost of energy consumption by electric air-conditioning and the paintings containing nano crystals of this material. The constant optics, which we will simulate, is: the index of refraction, the reflectivity, the transmittivity, the coefficient of extinction, the dielectric functions ԑ₁ real part and  ԑ₂  imaginary part of the permittivity complexes ԑ of this material and the coefficient absorption. 

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