Influence of blood glucose level on postischemic recovery of the brain function and energy metabolism, and on ischemic neuronal change

Hypoglycaemia is defined as a blood glucose level less than 2.6 mmol/l. This is based on the consistent impairment of central nervous system function observed in subjects when blood glucose levels are below this (1). Glucose homeostatic mechanisms should maintain blood glucose level to preserve cognitive function. Hypoglycaemia triggers protective glucose homeostatic mechanisms and persistent hypoglycaemia is the result of a failure of homeostasis. This is a medical emergency with serious short- and long-term consequences, which result from a reduced supply of glucose to the brain. Recurrent and persistent hypoglycaemia does cause significant morbidity and death due to brain damage. In an adult, after recovery of glucose levels, neurological impairment usually recovers over minutes to hours. In children, the duration of hypoglycaemia leading to permanent damage is not known, but is presumed to depend on the age of the child, the frequency of hypoglycaemia, the degree and the rapidity of the fall in glucose, concurrent circumstances such as infection, trauma and hypoxia, the degree of resilience of the brain tissue at the current stage of development. and the energy demands of the particular parts of the brain. The reasons for the increased sensitivity in children appear to relate to the higher energy requirements and immaturity of the homeostatic mechanisms of the brain. In congenital hyperinsulinism of infancy (CHI) the rates of severe neurological impairment remain high at 20–50%, permanent neurological impairment with damage occurring mainly in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and caudate putamen. Appropriate long term management of hypoglycaemia requires the correct diagnosis, and this depends on obtaining ‘critical blood and urine samples’ during a hypoglycaemic episode. In the first 48 h of life 20% of normal full–term infants have a blood glucose level <2.6 mmol/l (2), after this it is relatively uncommon in infancy and childhood with the incidence of various underlying diagnoses varying with age. The causes of hypoglycaemia can be classified into five groups: ◆ excess insulin (or insulin-like factors) for the given circumstances ◆ lack of one or more of the counter regulatory hormones (cortisol, growth hormone) ◆ disturbance of intermediate metabolism causing impairment of gluconeogenesis and/or glycogenolysis ◆ disturbance of fat breakdown or ketone body formation or utilization ◆ lack of nutrient sufficient for current energy demands

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Kemampuan Melakukan Penatalaksanaan Hipoglikemia Berdasarkan Karakteristik dan Pengetahuan Pasien Diabetes Melitus

Jurnal Keperawatan Indonesia ◽

10.7454/jki.v13i1.224 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 7-13

Author(s):

Ernawati Ernawati

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Health Education ◽

Blood Glucose Level ◽

Family Support ◽

Glucose Level ◽

Nursing Care ◽

Nerve Tissue ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Brain ◽

Diabetes Melitus

AbstrakKadar glukosa darah terlalu rendah akan membahayakan tubuh karena dapat merusak jaringan otak yang bersifat irreversible. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan antara karakteristik dan pengetahuan pasien diabetes dengan kemampuan melakukan penatalaksanaan hipoglikemia. Metode penelitian ini adalah cross sectional dengan sampel 50 pasien diabetes yang pernah mengalami hipoglikemia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan mayoritas responden kurang mendapatkan dukungan keluarga dan memiliki pengetahuan yang kurang tentang penatalaksanaan hipoglikemia sebesar 30 orang (60%). Sebagian besar responden yaitu 28 orang (56%) tidak mampu melakukan penatalaksanaan hipoglikemia dengan baik. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan karakteristik pasien diabetes yang berhubungan dengan kemampuan penatalaksanaan hipoglikemia meliputi usia (r = - 0,28, p= 0,046, α= 0,05), lama menderita diabetes (r = 0,424, p= 0,002, α= 0,05), dukungan keluarga (p= 0,035, α= 0,05), pendidikan (p= 0,034, α= 0,05), pengetahuan hipoglikemia (p= 0,0005, α= 0,05). Peneliti menyarankan pemberian asuhan keperawatan berupa pendidikan kesehatan tentang hipoglikemia, hendaknya dilakukan secara dini sejak pasien terdeteksi diabetes dan berfokus pada kemandirian dalam mendeteksi dan penanganan hipoglikemia. AbstractThe state of low blood glucose level is dangerous because in the state of hypoglycemia the brain tissues are vulnerable and the damage to nerve tissue is irreversible. This research aims in describing the factors related with diabetes patients’ ability in managing hypoglycemia. The method of the research is cross sectional with 50 patients who have undergone hypoglycemia as the samples. The results showed a majority of respondents have less family support and have less knowledge about the management of hypoglycaemia by 30 people (60%). The majority of respondents ie 28 people (56%) are unable to perform the management of hypoglycemia as well. The result of the research also shows that the factors related to hypoglycemia management are age (r= -0.28, p= 0,046, α= 0,05), the duration of diabetes (r= 0,424, p= 0,002, α= 0,05), family support (p= 0,035, α= 0,05), education ( p= 0,034, α= 0,05), hypoglycemia knowledge (p= 0,0005, α= 0,05). The researcher suggess to delivering nursing care about hypoglycemia’s management health education. This education should give as early as patient detected from diabetes, and focusing on self care in hypoglycemia detection and management.

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Metrological support of individual blood glucose meters in telemedicine

Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika ◽

10.32446/0368-1025it.2019-12-52-56 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 52-56

Author(s):

Yu.F. Glukhov ◽

N.V. Krutikov ◽

A.V. Ivanov ◽

N.P. Muravskaya

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Blood Glucose Level ◽

Glucose Level ◽

Measurement Data ◽

Test Method ◽

Level Measurement ◽

Measurement Devices ◽

Real Practice ◽

Health Care Centers ◽

Medical Measurement

We have studied and analyzed status and metrological supervision of blood glucose monitors, individual devices for a person’s blood glucose level measurement. It has been indicated that nowadays blood glucose monitors like other individual devices for medical measurement are not allowed to be involved in telemedicine public service. This accounts for absence of metrological supervision with these measurement devices in telemedicine. In addition, the key problem is absence of safe methods and means of remote verificaition, calibration and transmission of measurement data to health care centers. The article offers a remote test method for blood glucose monitors using a number of resistors with values correlating with measured blood glucose level. The available method has been successfully trialed in real practice.

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PENGENDALIAN KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH OLEH TEH HIJAU DAN ATAU TEH DAUN MURBEI PADA TIKUS DIABETES

Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan ◽

10.25182/jgp.2010.5.2.87-94 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 87

Author(s):

Rusman Efendi ◽

Evy Damayanthi ◽

Lilik Kustiyah ◽

Nastiti Kusumorini

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Blood Glucose Level ◽

Green Tea ◽

Glucose Level ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Font Size ◽

High Prevalence ◽

The Difference ◽

Control Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is degeneratif disease with high prevalence that happens in many countries. Several studies had been done to control diabetes by using green tea, mullberry leaf tea, and their mixture. The aim of this research was to analyze the influence of the administration green tea, mullbery leaf tea, and their mixtures to blood glucose level of diabetic rats both during 120 minutes after administration. This research had four phases, first to determine the best mullberry leaf tea, second to fourth phases respectively, determine turnover of blood glucose level on normal rats; attempt during 120 minutes on diabetic rats. The result of research during 120 minutes have showed that blood glucose level on diabetic rats which were administered by green tea, mullberry leaf tea and their mixture is significantly difference with diabetic rats which were administered by water. Blood glucose level at baseline increased at 30th minutes and showed the difference significantly and then until 60th and 120th minutes and relatively stable. During 120 minutes after feed consumption, inhibition of blood glucose level occured increasingly on diabetic rats which were administered by green tea, mullberry leaf tea, and their mixture compared to diabetic rats which were administered by water.

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Anti-diabetic activity of diphenhydramine in diabetic rats

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3102 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 5067-5070

Author(s):

Pang Jyh Chayng ◽

Nurul Ain ◽

Kaswandi Md Ambia ◽

Rahim Md Noah

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Blood Glucose Level ◽

Glucose Level ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Insulin Level ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Group Iv ◽

Diabetic Rat ◽

Control Group ◽

Group I

The purpose of this project is to study the anti-diabetic effect of on a diabetic rat model. A total of Twenty male Sprague rats were used and it randomly distributed into four groups which are Group I: , Group II: negative control, Group III: and Group IV: and . In diabetic model were induced with via injection at the dosage of 65mg/kg. and FBG (Fasting Blood Glucose) level of diabetic rats were assessed every three days. Blood was collected via cardiac puncture at day 21 after the induction of treatment. Insulin level of the rats was assessed with the Mercodia Rat Insulin ELISA kit. FBG level of group I (12.16 ±3.96, p<0.05) and group IV (11.34 ±3.67, p<0.05) were significantly decreased. Meanwhile, the for all rats did not show any significant increase. However, the insulin level was escalated in group IV (0.74+0.25, p<0.05) significantly. The present study shows that the and the combination of and lowered blood glucose level and enhanced insulin secretion.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Admission blood glucose level and mortality among hospitalized nondiabetic patients with heart failure.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1047201.497125 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Mariell Jessup

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Blood Glucose Level ◽

Glucose Level ◽

Patients With Heart Failure

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Preparation and Evaluation of Glipizide Tablets Containing both Enhanced and Sustained Release Solid Dispersions

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology ◽

10.37285/ijpsn.2009.2.4.5 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 714-725

Author(s):

Adel M. Aly ◽

Ahmed S. Ali

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Blood Glucose Level ◽

Glucose Level ◽

Solid Dispersions ◽

Solvent Evaporation ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Solvent Evaporation Method ◽

Evaporation Method ◽

Tablet Formulations

: Glipizide (GZ) is an oral blood-glucose-lowering drug of the sulfonylurea class characterized by its poor aqueous solubility. Aiming for the production of GZ tablets with rapid onset of action followed by prolonged effect; GZ-Polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000 and 6000) solid dispersions with different ratios, (using melting and solvent evaporation method), as well as, coprecipitate containing GZ with polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) were prepared. Four tablet formulations were prepared containing; a) GZ alone, b) GZ: PEG6000, 1:10, c) GZ:PMMA 1:3, and, d)both GZ:PEG6000 1:10 and GZ:PMMA 1:3. The solvent evaporation method showed more enhancement of GZ solubility than the melting one, and this solubilizing effect increased with PEG increment. Generally, PEG6000 showed more enhancement of dissolution than PEG4000 especially at 1:10 drug: polymer ratio (the most enhancing formula). Also, the prepared tablet formulations showed acceptable physical properties according to USP/NF requirements. The dissolution results revealed that tablets containing PEG6000 (1:10) have the most rapid release rate, followed by the formula containing both PEG6000 and PMMA, while that including PMMA alone showed the slowest dissolution rate. Moreover, In-vivo studies for each of the above four formulations, were performed using four mice groups. The most effective formula in decreasing the blood glucose level, through the first 6 hours, was that containing GZ and PEG6000, 1:10. However, formula containing the combination of enhanced and sustained GZ was the most effective in decreasing the blood glucose level through 16 hours. Successful in-vitro in-vivo correlations could be detected between the percent released and the percent decreasing of blood glucose level after 0.5 hours.

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