scholarly journals Prescription Stimulant-Induced Neurotoxicity: Mechanisms, outcomes, and relevance to ADHD

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Ellis Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care Physicians ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Prescription Stimulants ◽  
University Campuses ◽  
College And University ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Current State ◽  
Young Adult Population

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a relatively prevalent neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental condition characterized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition ( DSM-5 ) as difficulty sustaining attention and maintaining tasks at hand, heightened distractibility, and other deficits in executive functioning. Prescription stimulants—amphetamine (AMP) and methylphenidate (MPH)—are the first-line treatment(s) for ADHD in both pediatric and adult populations and exist in many formulations. Troublingly, the non-medical use (NMU) of amphetamine and methylphenidate is more prevalent in the American population, especially on college and university campuses, than the condition of interest. The neurotoxicological profile and NMU epidemiology of prescription stimulants is of direct relevance to primary care physicians and psychiatrists as they are the providers most frequently tasked with the treatment of ADHD and the surveillance of substance misuse behaviors in the young adult population. As comprehensive literature reviews of the mechanisms and potential adverse sequelae of prescription stimulant-induced neurotoxicity intended for medical clinicians have been quite sparse in the last decade—especially given the gravity of the issue—this article includes a brief primer on ADHD etiology and pathophysiology; considers the current state of NMU epidemiology; reviews the mechanisms of action of AMP and MPH; and, finally, summarizes known molecular and clinical manifestations of AMP and MPH neurotoxicity.

Recognizing & Treating Comorbid ADHD in Adults with Depression

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (S9) ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
Michael J. Manos
Keyword(s):  
Adult Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
National Comorbidity Survey Replication ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
United States Population ◽  
The Us ◽  
Comorbid Adhd

The National Comorbidity Survey Replication by Kessler and colleagues found that of adult patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), 9.4% met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition-Revised criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Among those with dysthymia, 22.6% also met criteria for ADHD. In addition, it is estimated that approximately a third of the United States population experiences MDD symptoms at any point in time. Kessler and colleagues also conducted a retrospective study on impairment of adults with ADHD and found that ADHD has a prevalence of ∼4.4% in the US adult population, which suggests that ∼9 million US adults may have ADHD.

Colleges and universities sticking to their guns?

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 309
Author(s):  
Jesse Perez Mendez, PhD, JD ◽  
Lou Sabina, PhD ◽  
Jon Loffi, EdD
Keyword(s):  
Policy Issue ◽  
College Campuses ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
State Legislation ◽  
University Campuses ◽  
College And University ◽  
Public Policy Issue ◽  
Current State ◽  
General Dynamics ◽  
College And University Campuses

Firearm possession on college and university campuses remains a volatile public policy issue among policymakers, legislators, scholars, and administrators. Given the American federal governmental structure, many states have developed legislative approaches to “carry on campus” policies throughout the years that align with federal law. This study explores the diversity of state approaches and nuances of “carry on campus” throughout recent years and current state legislation under consideration. The implications of “carry on campus” legislation vary on college campuses, depending on applicable state law; however, some general dynamics apply to all.

scholarly journals ADHD in women - a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 491-496
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Brzezińska ◽  
Monika Borowiecka ◽  
Marlena Zając ◽  
Konrad Warchoł ◽  
Wiktor Michniak
Keyword(s):  
Adult Population ◽  
Medical Professionals ◽  
Prenatal Period ◽  
Population Differences ◽  
Emotional Wellbeing ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Current State ◽  
Affected Person ◽  
Proper Diagnosis

Introduction: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) for many years has been thought to occur mainly in the male population. However, recent studies and change in professionals' perception allowed us to understand that there are significant differences between predominant features related to the gender of the affected person, which changes our look at how the condition may exhibit in women.  Current state of knowledge: In this review, we provide a general look at the disorder, its characteristics in the young and adult population, differences in symptoms and finally -  how it may prove difficult to diagnose this condition among women. Several factors that could contribute to development of ADHD were listed in literature, among them genetics, prenatal period, diet and parents’ emotional wellbeing. Concerning women, they are considered to internalize their psychological struggles, such as depression and stress more often than men, rendering them more susceptible toward suicidal behaviors and making diagnosis harder. Conclusions: When it comes to diagnosis in women, the main difficulty is that the symptoms are presented in a different way compared to men suffering from the same disorder. Because of those reasons, it’s harder to make a proper diagnosis. Therefore, further studies, taking account of affected one’s gender needs to be conducted, while medical professionals have to be more cautious.

scholarly journals Factors associated with choosing fertility preservation in a pediatric, adolescent and young adult population

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. e67
Author(s):  
Megan R. Sax ◽  
Tara Schafer-Kalkhoff ◽  
Brycen Ferrara ◽  
Olivia Jaworek Frias ◽  
Lesley Breech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Fertility Preservation ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Young Adult Population

Quantitative Analysis of Enhanced Selfies in a Young Adult Population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keon M. Parsa ◽  
Ish A. Talati ◽  
Haijun Wang ◽  
Eugenia Chu ◽  
Lily Talakoub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Image Brightness ◽  
Young Adult Population ◽  
Digital Copy ◽  
Unrealistic Expectations ◽  
Neutral Expression

AbstractThe use of filters and editing tools for perfecting selfies is increasing. While some aesthetic experts have touted the ability of this technology to help patients convey their aesthetic goals, others have expressed concerns about the unrealistic expectations that may come from the ability for individuals to digitally alter their own photos in these so-called “super-selfies.” The aim of the study is to determine the changes that individuals seek when enhancing selfies. Twenty subjects participated in this study between July 25 and September 24, 2019. Subjects had two sets of headshots taken (neutral and smile) and were provided an introduction on the use of the Facetune2 app. Subjects received a digital copy of their photographs and were asked to download the free mobile app. After 1 week of trialing the different tools for enhancing their appearance, subjects submitted their self-determined most attractive edited photographs. Changes in marginal reflex distance (MRD) 1 and 2, nose height and width, eyebrow height, facial width, skin smoothness, skin hue, and saturation as well as overall image brightness were recorded. Paired two-tailed t-test was used to evaluate pre- and post-facial measurements. There were no statistically significant changes identified in the analysis of the altered photos in neutral expression. Analysis of all smiling photographs revealed that subjects increased their smile angle (right: +2.92 mm, p = 0.04; left: +3.58 mm, p < 0.001). When smiling photographs were assessed by gender, females were found to significantly increase their MRD2 (right: +0.64 mm, p = 0.04; left: +0.74 mm, p = 0.05) and their smile angle (right: +1.90 mm, p = 0.03; left: +2.31 mm, p = 0.005) while also decreasing their nose height (−2.8 mm, p = 0.04). Males did not significantly alter any of the facial measurements assessed. This study identifies the types of changes that individuals seek when enhancing selfies and specifies the different aspects of image adjustment that may be sought based on a patient's gender.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic inequalities in primary-care and specialist physician visits: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Lena Lueckmann ◽  
Jens Hoebel ◽  
Julia Roick ◽  
Jenny Markert ◽  
Jacob Spallek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Primary Care ◽  
Primary Care Physicians ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Physician Visits ◽  
General Adult Population ◽  
Registration Number

Abstract Background Utilization of primary-care and specialist physicians seems to be associated differently with socioeconomic status (SES). This review aims to summarize and compare the evidence on socioeconomic inequalities in consulting primary-care or specialist physicians in the general adult population in high-income countries. Methods We carried out a systematic search across the most relevant databases (Web of Science, Medline) and included all studies, published since 2004, reporting associations between SES and utilization of primary-care and/or specialist physicians. In total, 57 studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Results Many studies found socioeconomic inequalities in physician utilization, but inequalities were more pronounced in visiting specialists than primary-care physicians. The results of the studies varied strongly according to the operationalization of utilization, namely whether a physician was visited (probability) or how often a physician was visited (frequency). For probabilities of visiting primary-care physicians predominantly no association with SES was found, but frequencies of visits were higher in the most disadvantaged. The most disadvantaged often had lower probabilities of visiting specialists, but in many studies no link was found between the number of visits and SES. Conclusion This systematic review emphasizes that inequalities to the detriment of the most deprived is primarily a problem in the probability of visiting specialist physicians. Healthcare policy should focus first off on effective access to specialist physicians in order to tackle inequalities in healthcare. PROSPERO registration number CRD42019123222.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document