DIAGNOSIS OF CARDIAC ABNORMALITY USING HEART SOUND

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (05) ◽  
pp. 1650032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anandeep Chaudhuri ◽  
T. Jayanthi
Keyword(s):  
Heart Sound ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Back Propagation ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Cardiac Abnormality ◽  
External Disturbances ◽  
Electronic Stethoscope ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Feed Forward Back Propagation

Heart sound (HS) analysis or auscultation is a standout amongst the most simple, non-invasive and costless methods used to evaluate heart health and is one of the basic and foremost routine of a doctor while reviewing a patient. Detecting cardiac abnormality by auscultation demands a physician’s experience and even then there is a high scope of committing error. In this paper, a low cost electronic stethoscope is built to acquire HS in a novel manner by taking one from each ventricular and auricular area and superimposed, to get a resultant signal of both distinct lub-dub sound. Then, a light, fast and low computation speed beat track method followed by wavelet reconstruction is presented for correct detection of S1 and S2. It is done without ECG reference, and can be used satisfactorily on both normal and pathological HSs. Moreover, heartbeats can be identified in both de-noised and noised environment as it is independent of external disturbances. Significant features are extracted from the resultant HSs with detected S1 and S2 and feed-forward back propagation method. It is used to classify the HS nature into normal and pathological. This algorithm has been implemented on 24 pairs of HSs, extracted from 24 patients of 15 pathological and nine normal subjects and the classification yields a result of 91.7% accuracy with 81.8% sensitivity. The overall performance suggests a good performance to cost ratio. This system can be used as first diagnosis tool by the medical professionals.

Continuous Wavelet Analysis of the Breathing Sounds of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients and Normal Subjects during Wakefulness

2014 ◽  
Vol 622 ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Premkumar ◽  
Chokkalingam Arun ◽  
Ramakrishnan Sai Divya
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Continuous Wavelet ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Blood Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common type of sleep apnea and is caused by obstruction of the upper airway. Its distinctive feature is occurrence of repetitive pauses in breathing during sleep, due to intermittent relaxing and blocking of the patients airway by the throat muscles. Continuous such actions might narrow down the throat or may completely block it. These actions cause more difference in breathing sounds and are usually associated with a reduction in blood oxygen saturation. The breathing sounds of the patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea were recorded using a non-invasive, low-cost sensor during wakefulness in supine (lying) position and Continuous wavelet 1-D analysis was performed on those signals.

Development of a Low-cost Biomedical Device to Enhance Pneumonia Diagnosis in Children

MRS Advances ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (26) ◽  
pp. 1367-1375
Author(s):  
E. Mhandu ◽  
Y. Danyuo
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Electronic Stethoscope ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Biomedical Device ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Healthy Lung

AbstractPneumonia has contributed greatly to child mortality, especially among children under the ages of five in sub-Saharan Africa, killing more children than the number of children dying from HIV/AIDS. The current methods of diagnosing pneumonia involved physical examination and chest x-ray which are limited by low accuracy, high error margins, higher cost, and stands the risks of inducing cancer. In this work, a low-cost, non-invasive biomedical device was designed and developed to improve accuracy in diagnosing pneumonia. The device functions to detect fluid in a lung consolidated by pneumonia. Dry grouting sponge was used as a phantom for a healthy lung, while a wet sponge was used to mimic a pneumonia-consolidated lung. Surface exciter was used to produce sound waves which travelled through one side of the phantom and are detected on the other end using an electronic stethoscope. The signals detected were digitally analyzed using MATLAB and AUDACITY software. The differences in resonant frequencies from the power spectrum analysis of sound waves as they travelled through the sponges were used to distinguish between a pneumonia-consolidated lung and a healthy lung.

scholarly journals Growth profiling, kinetics and substrate utilization of low-cost dairy waste for production of β-cryptoxanthin by Kocuria marina DAGII

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 172318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruchira Mitra ◽  
Debjani Dutta
Keyword(s):  
Cheese Whey ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Substrate Inhibition ◽  
Back Propagation ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
Back Propagation Algorithm ◽  
Feed Forward Back Propagation ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
Predicted Values

The dairy industry produces enormous amount of cheese whey containing the major milk nutrients, but this remains unutilized all over the globe. The present study investigates the production of β-cryptoxanthin (β-CRX) by Kocuria marina DAGII using cheese whey as substrate. Response surface methodology (RSM) and an artificial neural network (ANN) approach were implemented to obtain the maximum β-CRX yield. Significant factors, i.e. yeast extract, peptone, cheese whey and initial pH, were the input variables in both the optimizing studies, and β-CRX yield and biomass were taken as output variables. The ANN topology of 4-9-2 was found to be optimum when trained with a feed-forward back-propagation algorithm. Experimental values of β-CRX yield (17.14 mg l −1 ) and biomass (5.35 g l −1 ) were compared and ANN predicted values (16.99 mg l −1 and 5.33 g l −1 , respectively) were found to be more accurate compared with RSM predicted values (16.95 mg l −1 and 5.23 g l −1 , respectively). Detailed kinetic analysis of cellular growth, substrate consumption and product formation revealed that growth inhibition took place at substrate concentrations higher than 12% (v/v) of cheese whey. The Han and Levenspiel model was the best fitted substrate inhibition model that described the cell growth in cheese whey with an R 2 and MSE of 0.9982% and 0.00477%, respectively. The potential importance of this study lies in the development, optimization and modelling of a suitable cheese whey supplemented medium for increased β-CRX production.

scholarly journals Transcranial direct current stimulation in mild cognitive impairment: methodology for a randomized controlled trial

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline S Alencastro ◽  
Danilo A Pereira ◽  
Joaquim P Brasil-Neto
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Double Blind Placebo ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Learning Test

Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulatory technique that has shown encouraging results regarding performance improvement of normal subjects in tests of executive functions. Moreover, when applied repeatedly in daily sessions, tDCS has shown therapeutic potential in various neuropsychiatric disorders. However, there is a need for double-blind, placebo-controlled studies to determine the true therapeutic potential of this portable, low-cost and non-invasive treatment. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) of the amnestic subtype may evolve into Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) and pharmacological approaches have not been successful in ameliorating symptoms or halting progression to AD. Here we propose a protocol for studying a possible role for tDCS on improvement of MCI symptoms in older patients. Methods/Design: This will be a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of anodal tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of patients with MCI. Patients aged 60-90 years will be randomly assigned to either real tDCS or sham stimulation. Twenty-minute real or sham tDCS sessions, 5 days a week, will be performed over the course of two weeks. The Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT), California Verbal Learning Test, Rey Verbal Auditory Learning Test (RVALT) and Digit Span (WAIS-IV) will be assessed at baseline, after the first and second weeks of treatment, as well as one and three months after the last tDCS session. The primary outcome will be change in test scores over time. Secondary outcomes will be self-reported memory improvement and possible side effects of tDCS. Discussion: This study will evaluate possible therapeutic applications of tDCS for treatment of MCI. tDCS is a portable and low-cost neuromodulatory technique that has been found to increase performance of both normal subjects and patients in many cognitive tasks. It will also examine the tolerability, program adherence and possible side effects of this novel technique in this age group. The information obtained in this study should be useful in planning further studies in which tDCS could be combined with other treatment modalities, such as cognitive training.

scholarly journals Transcranial direct current stimulation in mild cognitive impairment: methodology for a randomized controlled trial

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline S Alencastro ◽  
Danilo A Pereira ◽  
Joaquim P Brasil-Neto ◽  
Aline Iannone
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Double Blind Placebo ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Learning Test

Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulatory technique that has shown encouraging results regarding performance improvement of normal subjects in tests of executive functions. Moreover, when applied repeatedly in daily sessions, tDCS has shown therapeutic potential in various neuropsychiatric disorders. However, there is a need for double-blind, placebo-controlled studies to determine the true therapeutic potential of this portable, low-cost and non-invasive treatment. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) of the amnestic subtype may evolve into Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) and pharmacological approaches have not been successful in ameliorating symptoms or halting progression to AD. Here we propose a protocol for studying a possible role for tDCS on improvement of MCI symptoms in older patients. Methods/Design: This will be a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of anodal tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of patients with MCI. Patients aged 60-90 years will be randomly assigned to either real tDCS or sham stimulation. Twenty-minute real or sham tDCS sessions, 5 days a week, will be performed over the course of two weeks. The Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT), California Verbal Learning Test, Rey Verbal Auditory Learning Test (RVALT) and Digit Span (WAIS-IV) will be assessed at baseline, after the first and second weeks of treatment, as well as one and three months after the last tDCS session. The primary outcome will be change in test scores over time. Secondary outcomes will be self-reported memory improvement and possible side effects of tDCS. Discussion: This study will evaluate possible therapeutic applications of tDCS for treatment of MCI. tDCS is a portable and low-cost neuromodulatory technique that has been found to increase performance of both normal subjects and patients in many cognitive tasks. It will also examine the tolerability, program adherence and possible side effects of this novel technique in this age group. The information obtained in this study should be useful in planning further studies in which tDCS could be combined with other treatment modalities, such as cognitive training.

scholarly journals Transcranial direct current stimulation in mild cognitive impairment: methodology for a randomized controlled trial

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline S Alencastro ◽  
Danilo A Pereira ◽  
Joaquim P Brasil-Neto ◽  
Aline Iannone
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Double Blind Placebo ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Learning Test

Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulatory technique that has shown encouraging results regarding performance improvement of normal subjects in tests of executive functions. Moreover, when applied repeatedly in daily sessions, tDCS has shown therapeutic potential in various neuropsychiatric disorders. However, there is a need for double-blind, placebo-controlled studies to determine the true therapeutic potential of this portable, low-cost and non-invasive treatment. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) of the amnestic subtype may evolve into Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) and pharmacological approaches have not been successful in ameliorating symptoms or halting progression to AD. Here we propose a protocol for studying a possible role for tDCS on improvement of MCI symptoms in older patients. Methods/Design: This will be a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of anodal tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of patients with MCI. Patients aged 60-90 years will be randomly assigned to either real tDCS or sham stimulation. Twenty-minute real or sham tDCS sessions, 5 days a week, will be performed over the course of two weeks. The Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT), California Verbal Learning Test, Rey Verbal Auditory Learning Test (RVALT) and Digit Span (WAIS-IV) will be assessed at baseline, after the first and second weeks of treatment, as well as one and three months after the last tDCS session. The primary outcome will be change in test scores over time. Secondary outcomes will be self-reported memory improvement and possible side effects of tDCS. Discussion: This study will evaluate possible therapeutic applications of tDCS for treatment of MCI. tDCS is a portable and low-cost neuromodulatory technique that has been found to increase performance of both normal subjects and patients in many cognitive tasks. It will also examine the tolerability, program adherence and possible side effects of this novel technique in this age group. The information obtained in this study should be useful in planning further studies in which tDCS could be combined with other treatment modalities, such as cognitive training.

scholarly journals The grades and freshness assessment of eggs based on density detection using machine vision and weighing sensor

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Supakorn Harnsoongnoen ◽  
Nuananong Jaroensuk
Keyword(s):  
Machine Vision ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Water Displacement ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Future Potential ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Egg Freshness

AbstractThe water displacement and flotation are two of the most accurate and rapid methods for grading and assessing freshness of agricultural products based on density determination. However, these techniques are still not suitable for use in agricultural inspections of products such as eggs that absorb water which can be considered intrusive or destructive and can affect the result of measurements. Here we present a novel proposal for a method of non-destructive, non-invasive, low cost, simple and real—time monitoring of the grading and freshness assessment of eggs based on density detection using machine vision and a weighing sensor. This is the first proposal that divides egg freshness into intervals through density measurements. The machine vision system was developed for the measurement of external physical characteristics (length and breadth) of eggs for evaluating their volume. The weighing system was developed for the measurement of the weight of the egg. Egg weight and volume were used to calculate density for grading and egg freshness assessment. The proposed system could measure the weight, volume and density with an accuracy of 99.88%, 98.26% and 99.02%, respectively. The results showed that the weight and freshness of eggs stored at room temperature decreased with storage time. The relationship between density and percentage of freshness was linear for the all sizes of eggs, the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9982, 0.9999, 0.9996, 0.9996 and 0.9994 for classified egg size classified 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. This study shows that egg freshness can be determined through density without using water to test for water displacement or egg flotation which has future potential as a measuring system important for the poultry industry.

AN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENT APPROACH TO TRAFFIC ACCIDENT ESTIMATION: MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION

Transport ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Payıdar Akgüngör ◽  
Erdem Doğan
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Back Propagation ◽  
Linear Functions ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Back Propagation Algorithm ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Feed Forward Back Propagation

This study proposes an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model and a Genetic Algorithm (GA) model to estimate the number of accidents (A), fatalities (F) and injuries (I) in Ankara, Turkey, utilizing the data obtained between 1986 and 2005. For model development, the number of vehicles (N), fatalities, injuries, accidents and population (P) were selected as model parameters. In the ANN model, the sigmoid and linear functions were used as activation functions with the feed forward‐back propagation algorithm. In the GA approach, two forms of genetic algorithm models including a linear and an exponential form of mathematical expressions were developed. The results of the GA model showed that the exponential model form was suitable to estimate the number of accidents and fatalities while the linear form was the most appropriate for predicting the number of injuries. The best fit model with the lowest mean absolute errors (MAE) between the observed and estimated values is selected for future estimations. The comparison of the model results indicated that the performance of the ANN model was better than that of the GA model. To investigate the performance of the ANN model for future estimations, a fifteen year period from 2006 to 2020 with two possible scenarios was employed. In the first scenario, the annual average growth rates of population and the number of vehicles are assumed to be 2.0 % and 7.5%, respectively. In the second scenario, the average number of vehicles per capita is assumed to reach 0.60, which represents approximately two and a half‐fold increase in fifteen years. The results obtained from both scenarios reveal the suitability of the current methods for road safety applications.

Micromolding Fabrication of Biocompatible Dry Micro-Pyramid Array Electrodes for Wearable Biopotential Monitoring

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Vinicio Alban ◽  
Haechang Lee ◽  
Hanul Moon ◽  
Seunghyup Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Skin Irritation ◽  
Electrode Impedance ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Solution Processes ◽  
Dry Electrodes ◽  
Array Electrode ◽  
Low Cost Manufacturing ◽  
Electromyography Signals

Abstract Thin dry electrodes are promising components in wearable healthcare devices. Assessing the condition of the human body by monitoring biopotentials facilitates the early diagnosis of diseases as well as their prevention, treatment, and therapy. Existing clinical-use electrodes have limited wearable-device usage because they use gels, require preparation steps, and are uncomfortable to wear. While dry electrodes can improve these issues and have demonstrated performance on par with gel-based electrodes, providing advantages in mobile and wearable applications; the materials and fabrication methods used are not yet at the level of disposable gel electrodes for low-cost mass manufacturing and wide adoption. Here, a low-cost manufacturing process for thin dry electrodes with a conductive micro-pyramidal array is presented for large-scale on-skin wearable applications. The electrode is fabricated using micromolding techniques in conjunction with solution processes in order to guarantee ease of fabrication, high device yield, and the possibility of mass production compatible with current semiconductor production processes. Fabricated using a conductive paste and an epoxy resin that are both biocompatible, the developed micro-pyramidal array electrode operates in a conformal, non-invasive manner, with low skin irritation, which ensures improved comfort for brief or extended use. The operation of the developed electrode was examined by analyzing electrode-skin-electrode impedance, electroencephalography, electrocardiography, and electromyography signals and comparing them with those measured simultaneously using gel electrodes.

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