How Much Does It Cost to Get a Book Read?

2013 ◽  
pp. 144-157
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Reading Public ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
Rural Libraries ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
Reading Patterns ◽  
Rough Calculation ◽  
The Cost

This chapter provides an overview of the operational costs and usage patterns of libraries in Burkina Faso that are supported by Friends of African Village Libraries. Data on totals of visits to libraries and book checkouts for lending libraries are summarized. Results of two studies that compare reading patterns in villages with libraries and those without suggest that libraries increase reading substantially. The chapter then presents a breakdown of expenses for operating modest one-room rural libraries, based on a decade’s worth of expense data maintained by FAVL. The usage figures and expense data permit a rough calculation of the cost of getting books read. The calculations suggest that for the young adult reading public in rural Burkina Faso, generating an extra book read each year costs somewhere between $1.50 and $4.00.

North American Adult Reading Test Performance in Young Adult Simulators

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Wall ◽  
Jeremy J. Davis ◽  
Jacqueline H. Remondet Wall
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
North American ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Reading Test ◽  
American Adult ◽  
Adult Reading

Penetapan Tarif Ambulans Untuk Evakuasi Medis Berbasis Unit Cost

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-173
Author(s):  
Kelvin Riupassa ◽  
Narizma Nova ◽  
Endah Lestari ◽  
Sri Juniarti Azis ◽  
Wahyu Sulistiadi
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Cost Recovery ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Medical Evacuation ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
Emergency Ambulance ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Components

Background: An ambulance is a vehicle designed to be able to handle emergency patients, provide first aid and carry out intensive care while on the way to a referral hospital. Ambulance operations require a large amount of funds obtained from APBD funds through tariffs that were passed through the DKI Jakarta Governor Regulation five years ago. For this reason, a new tariff is required to adjust to current conditions. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to calculate the unit cost of ambulance services in DKI Jakarta to be a consideration in the tariff setting policy in DKI Jakarta province. Research Metodes: This study uses a quantitative descriptive approach to obtain information about the unit cost of the Jakarta ambulance production unit. The method used is the calculation of real cost using the basis of the causes of costs. This research was conducted at the DKI Jakarta Emergency Ambulance using secondary data on investment costs, operational costs and maintenance costs in 2018. Results: The total cost of emergency ambulance in 2018 is known that the proportion of three cost components, namely operational costs, is 76%, followed by investment costs of 20% and maintenance costs of 3%. The calculation of the total cost of medical evacuation using the double distribution method is Rp. 98,915,016,805.00 divided by the number of medical evacuations in 2018 of 37,564 activities, the unit cost of medical evacuation for the AGD of DKI Jakarta Health Office is Rp. 2,633,215.00 without subsidies. APBD costs, while if the subsidy component is included in the calculation, the unit cost for one trip to the AGD of the Health Office is Rp. 604,071.00. This is still far above the current tariff of Rp. 450.00, so the cost recovery rate (CRR) is still below. 100%. Conclusion: From the three cost components consisting of investment, operational and maintenance costs,the largest proportion was operational costs at 76%. The Cost Recovery Rate has not reached 100% so that the existing rates have not covered the costs incurred.   Keywords: ambulance; price fixing; unit cost

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENERAPAN PMK NOMOR 31/PMK.07/2005 TENTANG TATA CARA PENGAJUAN USUL, PENELITIAN, DAN PENETAPAN PENGHAPUSAN PIUTANG DI RSUP PROF Dr. R. D. KANDOU MANADO

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvien Kawenas ◽  
Sifrid S. Pangemanan ◽  
Robert Lambey
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Government Regulations ◽  
Accounts Receivable ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Application Procedure ◽  
The Cost

The write-off of receivables is a loss arising from uncollectible receivables caused by various causes. The problem raised in this study is whether the application procedure is in accordance with the PMK No. 31 / PMK.07 / 2005 and what factors become obstacles in the process of write-off of receivables. The method used in this research is descriptive research method that is qualitative. Based on the results of the research from the RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado, the procedures for the elimination of goods are in accordance with applicable government regulations. If the factors are negative inhibitors, the operational costs are irregular, the amount of operational costs required for the cost exceeds the amount of the receivables to be collected, the non-timeframe for submission of proposals for write-off of receivables, documents / filing requirements for origination submissions not made RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado must meet the requirements regarding the time period for collection of accounts more effective and efficient.Keywords: Proposal Submission, Research, Accounts Receivable Removal

scholarly journals Cooperative Trading Mechanism and Satisfaction-Based Profit Distribution in a Multi-Energy Community

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Wang ◽  
Ning Xie ◽  
Valentin Ilea ◽  
Cristian Bovo ◽  
Hao Xin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Integration ◽  
Profit Distribution ◽  
Energy Hub ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
Integrated Energy System ◽  
Trading Mechanism ◽  
Energy Community ◽  
The Cost

With the development of distributed generation and demand-side response, traditional consumers are now converted into prosumers that can actively produce and consume electricity. Moreover, with the help of energy integration technique, prosumers are encouraged to form a multi-energy community (MEC), which can increase their social welfare through inside multi-energy sharing. This paper proposes a day-ahead cooperative trading mechanism in a MEC that depends on an energy hub (EH) to couple electricity, natural gas, and heat for all prosumers. The model of the traditional uncooperative local integrated energy system (ULIES) is also built as a comparison. A satisfaction-based profit distribution mechanism is set according to prosumers’ feelings about the extra cost they save or extra profit they gain in MEC compared with that in ULIES. Finally, case studies are set to analyze the utility of MEC in enlarging social welfare, after considering the effects of prosumers’ electricity usage patterns and buy-and-sell prices in retail market. The results of satisfaction-based profit distribution are also analyzed to verify that it can save the cost or increase the profit of each prosumer and EH.

scholarly journals Transitioning from Distribution of Iron-Folic Acid Supplements to Multiple Micronutrient Supplements for Pregnant Women (OR25-02-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reina Engle-Stone ◽  
Stephen Vosti ◽  
Laura Meinzen-Dick ◽  
Sika Kumordzie
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Transition Costs ◽  
Multiple Micronutrient ◽  
Iron Folic Acid ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Objectives We aimed to estimate the potential effects, costs, and cost-effectiveness of a programmatic transition from distribution of iron-folic acid (IFA) tablets to distribution of multiple micronutrient supplements (MMS) to pregnant woman, using Bangladesh and Burkina Faso as case studies. Methods For each country, we developed an 11-year predictive model using baseline demographic information from the Lives Saved Tool and effect sizes from a recent meta-analysis of trials of MMS compared to IFA supplementation during pregnancy. We predicted the number of cases of stillbirth, infant mortality, and adverse birth outcomes (low birth weight, small-for-gestational age, and preterm birth) and DALYs averted by replacing IFA with MMS at current levels of IFA coverage (∼50% nationally in Bangladesh; ∼10% in Burkina Faso). We estimated initial program transition costs and the annual marginal cost of MMS compared to IFA supplements, and calculated cost-effectiveness measures for scenarios with varied numbers of tablets received and consumed by pregnant women. Results In Bangladesh, immediate replacement of IFA with MMS at current coverage (assuming all covered pregnancies receive 180 tablets) was predicted to avert >73,800 deaths and >178,500 cases of preterm birth over 11 years at a cost of $5.0 to $14.2 per DALY averted; costs would increase by ∼9% with the addition of programmatic transition costs. In Burkina Faso, the same scenario would avert >5700 deaths and >6600 cases of preterm birth over 11 years at a cost of $3.6 to $15.5 per DALY averted. Assuming that benefits of supplementation accrue only above a given threshold (e.g., 180 tablets per pregnancy), accounting for supplement consumption above or below this threshold (e.g., consumption of 30 tablets or 270 tablets) could substantially reduce the cost-effectiveness of the IFA-MMS switch in comparison with a scenario in which all covered pregnancies consume exactly 180 tablets, although cost per DALY averted remained below $105 in all scenarios. Conclusions This modeling analysis suggests that the cost per DALY averted by transitioning from IFA to MMS is low relative to other prenatal interventions designed to save lives. Improvements in program delivery and supplement adherence would improve the cost-effectiveness of replacing IFA with MMS. Funding Sources Sight and Life; Sackler Institute for Nutrition Science.

scholarly journals Approximation Algorithm-Based Prosumer Scheduling for Microgrids

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 5853
Author(s):  
Incheol Shin
Keyword(s):  
Demand Response ◽  
Energy Price ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Polynomial Time Algorithms ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
Scheduling Model ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
Hard Problems ◽  
Supplier Networks

Since the inherent intermittency and uncertainty of renewable energy resources complicates efficient Microgrid operations, a Demand Response (DR) scheme is implemented for customers in the grid to alter their power-usage patterns. However, for a real-time pricing model at the current DR, the automated decision on the energy price is not trustworthy because of artificial interferences to the power generation. As opposed to energy price, an operational cost-based prosumer scheduling approach would be able to protect the integrity of the power grid operations from deceptive market transactions and assist in robust energy management. To investigate the operational challenges associated with the costs and prosumers in the Microgrid, we focus on formulating the problem mathematically and designing approximation algorithms to solve the problem of how to optimally identify suppliers to minimize the total operational costs associated with providing electricity. We prove the hardness of the scheduling as one of the NP-Hard problems and propose polynomial time algorithms for approximating optimal solutions. With a proper resilience level for reliable power services, the scheduling algorithms include ways to construct not only robust supplier networks, but also group energy communities in terms of black start while minimizing the operational costs. A series of theoretical performances and experimental evaluations also demonstrates the practical effectiveness of this scheduling model for the operations.

scholarly journals Factors that May Influence the Effectiveness of 4 Specialized Nutritious Foods in the Prevention of Stunting and Wasting in Children Aged 6–23 Months in Burkina Faso

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Breanne K Langlois ◽  
Ilana R Cliffer ◽  
Laetitia Nikiema ◽  
Devika J Suri ◽  
Franck Garanet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Supplementary Food ◽  
Household Water ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Depth Interviews

ABSTRACT Background A trial in Burkina Faso compared the cost-effectiveness of 4 specialized nutritious foods (SNFs) used to prevent stunting and wasting in children aged 6–23 mo. Objectives This article explores differences in SNF use that may have influenced effectiveness, specifically in relation to consumption by the recipient child and by any other person (i.e., sharing), other diversion from the recipient child, preparation, storage, and hygiene. Methods Subsamples from a geographically clustered, longitudinal trial with random assignment to Corn Soy Blend Plus with oil (CSB+ w/oil), Corn Soy Whey Blend with oil (CSWB w/oil), Super Cereal Plus (SC+), or ready-to-use supplementary food (RUSF) were selected for in-depth interviews, in-home observations, and focus group discussions. Results Sharing was common in all arms, with the highest reported in SC+ (73%) and highest observed in CSWB w/oil (36%). Some reported giving the ration away (highest in SC+ at 17%) or using it for other purposes (highest in CSWB w/oil at 17%). The recipient child was observed consuming the ration in 49% of households on average (38–60% by arm in CSB+ w/oil and RUSF, respectively). Qualitative reports of bitterness and spoilage emerged in the CSWB w/oil arm. Most observed households (excluding RUSF) did not prepare porridge daily as instructed (35–46% by arm). Household water samples showed either high-risk or unsafe contamination with Escherichia coli (72–78% by arm). Low percentages were observed handwashing (both child and server) before consuming the porridge. Conclusions The SNFs were not prepared or served as intended and diversion from the recipient was common. Storage conditions may have resulted in spoilage of the ration containing whey before reaching recipients. This article provides context about factors that may have influenced the effectiveness of these SNFs. Programming and household use of SNFs are as important as their nutrient composition. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02071563.

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