The intensification of industrial salt production using the salt production house concept

The current national salt demand in 2021 is 4.6 million tons, 84% of it: for manufacturing purposes. The volume of imported salt reaches 50.29 percent of the national saltavailability. This high import is caused by lack of the industrial salt. In the 2020-2024 RPJMN, the total national salt production target in 2021 is 3 million tons, not enough, due to the natural conditions of high rainfall. KKP and Kemenkomarves are targeting to increase production through intensification and extensification of salt pond land, which is planned to be carried out in Flores and Sumbawa. However, according to our rough calculation, to meet the amount of national salt need, if the choice is the extensification: this will need 20 thousand hectares of newponds. This is hard option to proceed, because there are obstacles: limited land, not all types of land can be used for salt farming, high costs, long land clearing time, and dependence on weather. Plus, the negative impact on the environment from the land conversion. What is the alternative solution?This study aims to figure the solution for improving the industrial salt production. Methods are the analytical descriptive study, collecting data with reference studies, then compiling data for the formulation of the model. Study results: the suitable option to do is the intensification of the salt production. More efforts are needed on the intensification, by increasing the quantity of salt production, parallel with improving its quality, and could continuously producing salt in a full year. To fulfill this, this study recommends a technological engineering approachment, by using a combination of the Japanese Method with the closed system called: the Salt Production House (SPH). The SPH is green and sustainable concept, because it consumes renewable energy, effective and require a small area. This method requires no new land clearing since it could be constructed on the existing salt ponds.

Characteristics and patterns of inappropriate disposal of construction and demolition waste in the municipality of Cabo Frio, Brazil

The main objective of this study was to identify and quantify inappropriate disposal of construction and demolition waste (CDW) in Cabo Frio, Brazil. The municipality has areas of environmental preservation and suffers significant environmental impacts due to the large flow of tourists and the inappropriate disposal of CDW. Data collection, carried out from June to September-2019, covered eighteen neighborhoods. 179 inadequate CDW disposal points were detected corresponding to a volume of approximately 448.75m3. The results were grouped by neighbourhood, kind of disposal place and CDW type. Pareto diagrams were also presented to help define priority neighborhoods for inappropriate disposal reducing actions. There was inappropriate disposal in areas of ecological, landscape or scientific interest, over drainage places, on public roads or sidewalks, and on vacant lots. Besides analysing the disposal characteristics and suggesting actions to solve the problem, a methodology for surveying of inappropriate disposal of CDW was proposed, including a method for the rough calculation of CDW volumes. The development of a smartphone application is another contribution that can facilitate data registration and assist decision making. Although the research focuses on a Brazilian municipality, the same work can be expanded to other municipalities in the world.

Adaptive Algorithms for Signature Wavelet recognition in the Musical Sounds

The scaling and as well as the wavelet-functions of the wavelet is detected engaging the wavelet-filters that are empowered with the filter-bank principle that is utilized in recognizing the rough calculation and the feature co-efficient of the wavelet-filter. The coefficients recognized by the filter-bank for the musical sounds produced by the musical-instruments enables one to have a signature-wavelet of the sound signal. The signature-wavelet renovates the actual musical signal with insignificant disturbance. In order to recognize the factors (coefficients) the paper employs the least mean square (L-MS), normalized least means square (NL-MS), recursive least square (R-LS) and the QR-Recursive least square (QR-RLS). Among the above four the R-LS and the QR-RLS performs well under all grounds. More over the algorithm converges swiftly compared to the other algorithm. Thus providing an accuracy and SOC (speed of convergence) improved scaling and wavelet-function recognition.

A Rough Calculation Relating the Extremely Small Cosmological Constant to the Extremely Large QFT Vacuum Energy Density

This enquiry follows the investigation into a propulsion system purportedly utilising the QED vacuum as reactive momenergy. The QFT vacuum is contentious because the “naïve” value for it is extraordinarily large, yet on the cosmic scale it is hardly present. This begs the question as to whether it is really real and further highlights the problem between General Relativity on very large scales, with Quantum Mechanics on very small scales. We find a mathematical procedure that: to the 1st order removes the “embarrassing” QFT vacuum constant from the Einstein tensor and then covers nearly all of the 120 orders of magnitude difference between the Cosmological Constant and Vacuum Energy by introducing it as an higher order correction in (G/c4)3. There is a proviso for further work, that the difference of a few orders we calculate, might be made up by considering fluctuations or running constants in the QFT vacuum and Cosmic Inflation.

A Rough Calculation Relating the Extremely Small Cosmological Constant to the Extremely Large QFT Vacuum Energy Density

This enquiry follows the investigation into a propulsion system purportedly utilising the QED vacuum as reactive momenergy. The QFT vacuum is contentious because the “naïve” value for it is extraordinarily large, yet on the cosmic scale it is hardly present. This begs the question as to whether it is really real and further highlights the problem between General Relativity on very large scales, with Quantum Mechanics on very small scales. We find a mathematical procedure that: to the 1st order removes the “embarrassing” QFT vacuum constant from the Einstein tensor and then covers nearly all of the 120 orders of magnitude difference between the Cosmological Constant and Vacuum Energy by introducing it as an higher order correction in (G/c4)3. There is a proviso for further work, that the difference of a few orders we calculate, might be made up by considering fluctuations or running constants in the QFT vacuum and Cosmic Inflation.

Sistem Pengolahan Citra Digital untuk Menentukan Bobot Sapi Menggunakan Metode Titik Berat

<p class="Abstrak"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p class="Abstrak">Penentuan harga sapi umumnya disepakati melalui tawar menawar dan interaksi antara permintaan dan penawaran untuk menentukan harga bukan didasarkan pada bobot sapi yang dijual. Kebanyakan menggunakan perhitungan secara kasar maupun secara kira-kira. Terdapat rumus untuk menghitung bobot sapi, rumus yang ada memerlukan informasi terkait lingkar dada dan panjang badan. Untuk mendapatkan nilai lingkar dada dan panjang badan perlu dilakukan pengukuran secara manual, namun di lapangan hal tersebut tidak mudah dilakukan karena sapi sulit dikondisikan. Oleh karena itu diperlukan alat yang dapat mengukur secara mudah. Tulisan ini merupakan tahap kedua dari penelitian untuk menentukan bobot sapi dari hasil akuisisi citra sapi. Oleh sebab itu pada tahap kedua ini difokuskan pada pemilihan rumus penentuan bobot sapi dan usulan algoritma untuk menentukan bobot dari gambar hasil akuisisi citra. Hasil analisis penentuan bobot sapi menggunakan rumus Schoorl dan rumus Modifikasi memiliki nilai penyimpangan bobot badan sebesar 16,87% untuk rumus Schoorl dan nilai penyimpangan bobot badan sebesar 10,58 % untuk rumus Modifikasi. Hasil perhitungan citra tidak berbeda secara signifikan yaitu dengan faktor ketelitian secara statistis dengan nilai MAE (Mean Absolute Error) sebesar 8,15% untuk panjang badan dan sebesar 4,10% untuk lingkar dada. Aplikasi pengolahan citra digital yang dibagun dapat mengetahui berat badan/bobot sapi dengan nilai MAE (Mean Absolute Error) sebesar 8,97% terhadap rumus Modifikasi.</p><p class="Abstrak"> </p><p class="Abstrak"><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p class="Judul2"> </p><p class="Judul2"><em>The price determination of cows is generally agreed through bargaining and interacting with demand and supply to establish the general level of the price but it is not based on the weight of the cow itself. The tool that the most commonly used is by rough calculation or approximation. There were formulas to measure the weight, but it required chest circumference and the length of the body information. The values ware obtained manually using the measuring tool, but the reality is inconvenient to do, because of the difficulty conditioning the cows. Therefore, it required a tool that can calculate easily. This article represented the second stages of the research to determine the weight of cows from the image acquisition. Consequently, at this second stage has been focused on the selection of the cow weighting formula and the proposed algorithm to determine the weight from the result of images that had been processed in the early stages. The result of cow weighting analysis using Schoorl formula and Modification/Lambourne formula had the value of body weight deviation of 16.87% and 10.58. The results of image calculation did not differ significantly with MAE (Mean Absolute Error) equal to 8,15% and 4,10% for body length and chest circumference, respectively. Digital image processing application that has been built was able to know the weight of cow with MAE (Mean Absolute Error) equal to 8,97% towards Modification/Lambourne formula.</em></p><p class="Abstrak"><strong><br /></strong></p><p class="Abstrak"><strong><br /></strong></p><p class="Abstrak"> </p>

Construction binders and environmental indicators of their production

A comparative analysis of carbon dioxide emissions during the burning of Portland cement clinker, lime and gypsum was performed. The interrelation between energy indices and the emission of carbon dioxide is shown. The quantitative indices of atmospheric pollution in the manufacture of binders are given. Ecological expediency of production of gypsum and cement clinker in comparison with lime is shown. The article is made rough calculation of environmental pollution by carbon dioxide, which is produced and released into the atmosphere during the production of building binders. It was determined the directions of reducing the formation of gases during firing of the substances to reduce environmental pollution: decrease in endothermy of chemical transformations; reduction of the content of calcium and magnesium carbonates in the feedstock mixture; reduction of raw material moisture; reduction of fuel consumption for the process; increasing the technological efficiency of the process. It was determined the directions of reducing the formation of gases during firing of the substances to reduce environmental pollution. It is shown that carbon dioxide is released into the Earth’s atmosphere in the amount of more than three billion metric tons per year by enterprises that produce cement, lime, and gypsum.

Secondary Observer Effects: Idiosyncratic Errors in Small-N Secondary Data Analysis

In this paper I extend the concept of observer effect to the realm of secondary data analysis. When analyzing what appear to be the same secondary data utilizing the same methods, macro-comparative researchers arrive at different results. I argue that this is a product of idiosyncratic variation directly or indirectly produced by the researcher. Even when this bias produces only small perturbations in interpretation or results, the consequences may be large for small-N analyses. Using an influential study by Brooks and Manza I analyze this secondary observer effect. Two replications of the practice of compiling seemingly identical secondary datasets produced variation. Reanalysis of the divergent values in these datasets and a second look at the original tables produces similar but not identical results. A rough calculation of the size of the secondary observer effect suggests that about a 0.32 standardized standard deviations across variable scores. Simulations of this size of secondary observer effect show that significant changes in findings occur.

Segmentasi Citra Sapi Berbasis Deteksi Tepi Menggunakan Algoritma Canny Edge Detection

The determination of the cattle price is generally agreed through bargaining, it is not based on the weight of the cows being sold. Most people mainly use rough calculation. There are formulas to calculate the weight but they require perimeter information of chest size and body length. It is necessary to measure the cow manually, but in reality it is not easy to do because the cow is difficult to control. Therefore, it requires a tool that can help measure easily. This article represents the early stages of research to determine the weight of cows from the cow image acquisition. It focuses on segmentation and image processing. The image acquisition results are processed using five scenarios. The results of the evaluation show that scenario 3 (Median Blur and Canny) has the best result with the value of 230,051 MSE and 24,524 dB PSNR.Keywords: Edge Detection, Canny, Segmentation, Cow, Image Processing Abstrak. Penentuan harga sapi umumnya disepakati melalui tawar menawar bukan didasarkan pada bobot sapi yang dijual. Kebanyakan menggunakan perhitungan secara kasar maupun secara kira-kira. Terdapat rumus untuk menghitung bobot sapi, rumus yang ada memerlukan informasi terkait lingkar dada dan panjang badan. Untuk mendapatkan nilai lingkar dada dan panjang badan perlu dilakukan pengukuran secara manual, namun di lapangan hal tersebut tidak mudah dilakukan karena sapi sulit dikondisikan. Oleh karena itu diperlukan alat yang dapat mengukur secara mudah. Tulisan ini merupakan tahap awal dari penelitian untuk menentukan bobot sapi dari hasil akuisisi citra sapi. Oleh sebab itu pada tahap awal ini difokuskan pada segmentasi serta pengolahan citra sapi untuk menentukan deteksi tepi terbaik yang nantinya digunakan pada penelitian selanjutnya. Citra sapi hasil akuisisi diproses menggunakan lima buah skenario deteksi tepi. Hasil evaluasi menujukkan bahwa Skenario 3 (Median Blur dan Canny) memiliki hasil yang terbaik dengan nilai MSE sebesar 230.051 dan PSNR sebesar 24.524 dB.Kata Kunci: Deteksi Tepi, Canny, Segmentasi, Sapi, Pengolahan Citra Digital.

TEXT LOCALIZATION IN IMAGES USING REVERSE THRESHOLDS ALGORITHM

High color similarity between text pixels and background pixels is the major problem that causes failure during text localization. In this paper, a novel algorithm, Reverse Thresholds (RT) algorithm is proposed to localize text from the images with various text-background color similarities. First, a rough calculation is proposed to determine the similarity index for every text region. Then, by applying reverse operation, the best thresholds for each text region are calculated by its similarity index. To remove other uncertainties, self-generated images with the same text features but different similarity index are used as experiment dataset. Experiment result shows that RT algorithm has higher localizing strength which is able to localize text in a wider range of similarity index.