Modeling Conflict Dynamics

2016 ◽  
pp. 273-294
Author(s):  
Janez Usenik ◽  
Tit Turnsek
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
System Dynamics ◽  
Fuzzy System ◽  
Generic Model ◽  
Human Reasoning ◽  
Qualitative Model ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Fuzzy System Models ◽  
Short Explanation

This chapter touches the question of how to model conflict. The discussion is limited to inter- and intra- organizational conflicts. The focus is on the behavior of the conflict in time. A working definition of conflict, named starting theory, is given. The presented models are constructed by means of system dynamics tools. A short explanation of system dynamics tools is given. Moreover, fuzzy logic and fuzzy system are introduced. Fuzzy system models human reasoning and decision making, and is integrated in the model of isolated conflict. Three models are presented, namely: the qualitative model, the model of isolated conflict, and, finally, the generic model of isolated conflict with fuzzy system. At the end, the results of a few simulation runs illustrate the use of the model.

Modeling Conflict Dynamics

Fuzzy Systems ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 1553-1575
Author(s):  
Janez Usenik ◽  
Tit Turnsek
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
System Dynamics ◽  
Fuzzy System ◽  
Generic Model ◽  
Human Reasoning ◽  
Qualitative Model ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Fuzzy System Models ◽  
Short Explanation

This chapter touches the question of how to model conflict. The discussion is limited to inter- and intra- organizational conflicts. The focus is on the behavior of the conflict in time. A working definition of conflict, named starting theory, is given. The presented models are constructed by means of system dynamics tools. A short explanation of system dynamics tools is given. Moreover, fuzzy logic and fuzzy system are introduced. Fuzzy system models human reasoning and decision making, and is integrated in the model of isolated conflict. Three models are presented, namely: the qualitative model, the model of isolated conflict, and, finally, the generic model of isolated conflict with fuzzy system. At the end, the results of a few simulation runs illustrate the use of the model.

The pathway to marketplace insight: structuring the analysis context

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam Fahey
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Critical Part ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Marketing Analysis ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose By clearly mapping the pathway for managing the early stages of any marketplace analysis project, its definition, scope, framing, focus, perspective, context, imagination and data choices – the odds of generating important strategic insight can be greatly increased for executives as well as analysis teams. Design/methodology/approach A marketing analysis team should pay specific attention to how it organizes the analysis context’a process called “Structuring”. Findings A working definition of insight: new marketplace understanding that makes a difference to the organization’s thinking, decision making and action. Practical/implications 10; Nothing constricts the insight structuring process as much as lack of imagination! Originality/value The choice of analysis scope, framing, focus, perspective or methods is a critical part of the marketplace analysis structuring process that increases the possibility of distinctly different strategic inferences emerging. The article is a much needed guide to mastering strategic insight for executives and marketplace analysts.

New Insights in Cross-Cultural Communication

2012 ◽  
pp. e85-e88
Author(s):  
Lidia Schapira
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Low Literacy ◽  
Cross Cultural Communication ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Cross Cultural Education ◽  
Definition Of

Overview: Improving clinician-patient communication, improving clinical decision making, and eliminating mistrust have been identified as three key areas for reducing disparities in care. An important step is the training of cancer professionals to deliver culturally competent care in clinical settings as well as increasing the proportion of underrepresented minorities in the health care workforce. Providing care that is attuned to the patient's cultural preferences begins by talking to the patient about his or her cultural history and identifying the locus of decision making, preferences for disclosure of vital health information, and goals of care. Patients with low literacy and those with poor fluency of the dominant language require additional services. Language interpretation by trained professionals is fundamental to ensure that patients are able to provide informed consent for treatment. A working definition of culture involves multiple dimensions and levels and must be viewed as both dynamic and adaptive, rather than simply as a collection of beliefs and values. Effective cross-cultural education avoids stereotyping and promotes communication and negotiation to solve problems and minimize tension and conflict. Recent research has identified that unconscious biases held by clinicians affect their behavior and recommendations for treatment.

scholarly journals Caregiving: A Qualitative Concept Analysis

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinda Hermanns ◽  
Beth Mastel-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Literature Search ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Concept Development ◽  
Holistic Care ◽  
Qualitative Model ◽  
Common Definition ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Interview Guide ◽  
Definition Of

A common definition of caregiving does not exist. In an attempt to define the concept of caregiving, the authors used a hybrid qualitative model of concept development to analyze caregiving. The model consists of three phases: (a) theoretical, (b) fieldwork, and (c) analytical. The theoretical phase involves conducting an interdisciplinary literature search, examining existing definitions, and developing a working definition of caregiving. In the fieldwork phase, six participants were interviewed using a structured interview guide. Qualitative data analysis led to the development of two overarching themes: Holistic Care and Someone in Need of Help. Responses from participants were compared to the extant literature and a new definition of caregiving was thus formulated.

The Ontology of International Crisis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Welch
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
International Crises ◽  
International Crisis ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Decision Making Problem ◽  
Payoff Structure ◽  
Definition Of

For the study of international crisis to yield insights of value to both scholars and policymakers, it is imperative to understand what the term “international crisis” means in the abstract and what qualifies as an international crisis in the real world. It is also important to establish criteria for distinguishing species of the genus. These tasks require clearing up conceptual ambiguities, articulating and justifying a working definition of “international crisis,” demonstrating the utility of that definition for both scholarly analysis and practical policymaking, and exploring potentially fruitful ways in which international crises can be categorized. The working definition proposed is as follows: An international crisis is a decisive encounter between two or more states involving a plausibly elevated danger of imminent war. International crisis so conceived is inherently a decision-making problem and cannot be understood in purely systemic terms, divorced from policymakers’ perceptions of (a) the challenges they face, (b) the stakes involved, (c) the time constraints under which they operate, or (d) the severity of their predicament. While international crisis is not always entirely in the eye of the beholder, it is sufficient to establish that an international crisis is in play if decision makers believe that it is, whether or not their beliefs are well-founded. Without prejudging empirical analysis, it is plausible to suggest that both the analysis and the management of international crises may differ depending upon their genesis, the nature of the stakes involved, their severity, their payoff structure, and whether or not the protagonists have nuclear weapons.

Children’s Parliaments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kay M. Tisdall
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Young People ◽  
The United States ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
School Level ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Rights Of The Child ◽  
Definition Of

A children’s parliament can be defined as a formal structure for children and young people’s participation that meets on a regular or semi-regular basis. This is a working definition, as there is no single definition of children’s parliaments universally agreed upon. Very similar structures can be called different things, such as child councils, child forums, youth councils, and youth parliaments. For this entry, resources are included that refer to these and other terms but excludes structures only at school level. This entry concentrates on resources for children and young people under the age of eighteen, following the definition of the child in Article 1 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). However, there are far more resources on youth parliaments than on children’s parliaments, and youth parliaments frequently include young people below and above the age of eighteen. Thus, certain resources are included if the youth parliaments in question extend below the age of eighteen. Research evidence is illuminating but limited. Children’s parliaments can be found throughout the world, across all regions, sometimes championed by nongovernmental organizations (e.g., Ethiopia and India), while others supported by government (e.g., Finland, Ireland, Scotland, and the United States). They tend to involve older children and young people (i.e., over the age of twelve), although there are exceptions. For advocates, they are opportunities for children and young people to engage in democratic practices, influence decision-making, and develop personal skills and leadership qualities; for critics, they are tokenistic and unrepresentative structures that limit rather than further children and young people’s participation to influence decision-making collectively. The growth of children’s parliament was galvanized by the UNCRC and its participation rights. In particular, Article 12 of the UNCRC outlines children’s right “to express their views freely in all matters affecting the child,” and that these views be given “due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child.” Children’s parliaments are one response to ensuring children’s views are expressed and given due weight in collective decision-making.

Mathematical Modeling of Decision Making: A Soft and Fuzzy Approach to Capturing Hard Decisions

2003 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Dorsey ◽  
Michael D. Coovert
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Fuzzy System ◽  
Model Building ◽  
System Modeling ◽  
Merit Pay ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
Modeling Approach ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Fuzzy System Models

This research focuses on a modeling approach and set of mathematical tools that were derived from research on intelligence systems, namely fuzzy system modeling. This study systematically evaluates these tools as an approach for modeling human decision making, contrasting the approach with more traditional methods based on regression. The research was conducted using experts and a simulated task environment related to allocating rewards in the form of merit pay. The results indicate that fuzzy system models generally perform as well as or better than both linear and nonlinear regression methods in terms of model fit. These results are discussed in terms of issues regarding modeling precision versus parsimony, the value of adaptive modeling techniques, empirical versus subjective approaches to model building, and individual differences in judgment strategies. Potential applications of this research include using the modeling approach studied to build higher-fidelity models that yield new insights and a better understanding of decision-making strategies and environments.

Plural voting and political equality: A thought experiment in democratic theory

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor Latimer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Thought Experiment ◽  
Voting Systems ◽  
Political Equality ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Voting System ◽  
Alternative Proposal ◽  
Voting Scheme ◽  
Definition Of

I demonstrate that a set of well-known objections defeat John Stuart Mill’s plural voting proposal, but do not defeat plural voting as such. I adopt the following as a working definition of political equality: a voting system is egalitarian if and only if departures from a baseline of equally weighted votes are normatively permissible. I develop an alternative proposal, called procedural plural voting, which allocates plural votes procedurally, via the free choices of the electorate, rather than according to a substantive standard of competence. The alternative avoids standards objections to Mill’s proposal. Moreover, reflection on the alternative plural voting scheme disrupts our intuitions about what counts as an egalitarian voting system. Undue emphasis on Mill’s version of plural voting obscures three important reasons to reject plural voting in favor of strictly egalitarian voting systems: (1) that certain choices that generate inequalities of political power are morally impermissible; (2) that even chosen inequalities may undermine the potential epistemic benefits of democratic decision-making; and (3) that such choices may undermine citizens’ commitments to democracy understood as a joint project.

Prejudice from an Epistemological Point of View

Prejudice ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 7-25
Author(s):  
Endre Begby
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Epistemology ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Total Evidence ◽  
Decision Making Under Uncertainty ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Applied Epistemology ◽  
Epistemological Point

The book’s opening chapter begins by providing a working definition of prejudice in terms of negatively charged stereotypes targeting some group of people, and derivatively, the individuals who comprise this group. It then turns to situating this approach in the larger landscape of contemporary epistemological theory. The study of prejudiced belief falls within the ambit of social epistemology. It should also, it is argued, be considered as a form of situated, applied epistemology. As such, it is recognizably a contribution to “non-ideal epistemology” (a notion to be further elaborated in chapter 3): non-ideal epistemology aims to provide normative guidelines for decision-making under uncertainty. Currently popular “externalist” approaches to epistemology are of no help here. But at the same time, non-ideal epistemology is also not “internalist,” since it routinely holds what we are responsible to a broader subset of the total evidence than is currently in our possession.

Teaching Ethical Reasoning

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-170
Author(s):  
G. Fletcher Linder ◽  
Allison J. Ames ◽  
William J. Hawk ◽  
Lori K. Pyle ◽  
Keston H. Fulcher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Ethical Reasoning ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
First Year ◽  
James Madison ◽  
First Year Students ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Definition Of

This article presents evidence supporting the claim that ethical reasoning is a skill that can be taught and assessed. We propose a working definition of ethical reasoning as 1) the ability to identify, analyze, and weigh moral aspects of a particular situation, and 2) to make decisions that are informed and warranted by the moral investigation. The evidence consists of a description of an ethical reasoning education program—Ethical Reasoning in Action (ERiA)—designed to increase ethical reasoning skills in a variety of situations and areas of life. ERiA is housed at a public, major comprehensive U.S. university—James Madison University—and assessment of the program focuses on interventions delivered prior to and during orientation for incoming first-year students. Findings indicate that the interventions measurably enhance the ability of undergraduate students to reason ethically. ERiA’s competency-targeted program and positive student learning outcomes offers a promising model for higher education ethics programs seeking to connect classroom learning in ethics to decision-making in everyday life.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document