Introduction to Mission Critical Systems and Its Requirements

Different Types ◽

Mission Critical ◽

Operational Errors ◽

In this chapter, the definition of Mission Critical Systems, users, and services will be introduced, then main applications of such system will be listed, the general requirements will be investigated, and finally a distinction between different types of Mission Critical Systems will be briefly discussed. Nowadays, many governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play critical roles in its operations on everyday basis. The services provided by such organization is of special nature that makes it less tolerant to executional or operational errors; such services are referred as Mission Critical Services. The criticality of the service implies that it has a set of special requirements that distinguish it from other services, and it should be available anytime, anywhere within the service operational scope, and also it is supposed to be functioning within expectation limits regardless of the operational circumstances or running conditions.

Are human rights archives accessible? Challenges and possible solutions to improve access for Dealing with the Past initiatives

Comma ◽

10.3828/comma.2020.9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2020 (1-2) ◽

pp. 139-150

Author(s):

Romain Ledauphin ◽

Claudia Josi ◽

Rahel Siegrist

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Truth Commissions ◽

Records Management ◽

Maturity Model ◽

Humanitarian Law ◽

The Past ◽

Federal Department ◽

Records and archives containing information relating to grave violations of human rights and international humanitarian law represent a fundamental source for, and can become trustworthy documentary evidence within, Dealing with the Past (DWP) processes including truth commissions, criminal tribunals, reparation programs, vetting processes and outreach projects. Those intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) working in the fields of human rights and peace and security are themselves important observers and actors in DWP processes and hence their records and archives are highly relevant to DWP initiatives. Such organizations should therefore be transparent and be able to facilitate DWP processes by granting access to their records. Given the International Council on Archives’ definition of “access” as relating to “… the availability of records for consultation as a result both of legal authorization and the existence of finding aids”, and the experience of swisspeace in advising DWP initiatives on collecting evidence and improving records management capacity, swisspeace together with the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs developed a roadmap which centres on the development of an “archives accessibility maturity model”. This tool will not only improve hands-on access in practice, but will ultimately improve knowledge about the multi-layered complexity of archives’ accessibility, strengthening the capacity of IGOs, INGOs and DWP initiatives to design and implement their access regulations, and thereby improving DWP initiatives’ ability to make successful access requests.

The ‘End’, the ‘Beginning of the End’ or the ‘End of the Beginning’? Introducing Debates and Voices on the Definition of ‘Aggression’

Leiden Journal of International Law ◽

10.1017/s0922156510000427 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 875-882 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

CARSTEN STAHN

Keyword(s):

International Criminal Court ◽

International Criminal ◽

Criminal Court ◽

Constructive Dialogue ◽

Significant Step ◽

Broad Variety ◽

Age Of Accountability ◽

On 11 June 2010, the first Review Conference of the International Criminal Court (ICC) adopted Resolution RC/Res. 6 on the ‘Crime of Aggression’ by consensus, after years of debates and negotiations in the framework of the Preparatory Commission for the International Criminal Court and the Special Working Group on the Crime of Aggression. The resolution includes a definition of the crime of aggression and the conditions under which the Court could exercise jurisdiction with respect to the crime, while making the actual exercise of jurisdiction ‘subject to a decision to be taken after 1 January 2017’ by states parties. This outcome has triggered a broad variety of reactions. The UN praised it as a ‘historic agreement’ and a significant step towards a new ‘age of accountability’. Some non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have expressed concerns that the compromise deepens the gaps between states and leaves accountability loopholes. US legal advisor Harold Koh qualified the compromise as an opportunity for further constructive dialogue and positive engagement with the ICC.

Psychiatric commitment: over 50 years of case law from the European Court of Human Rights

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.04.004 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 21 (7) ◽

pp. 427-435 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

G. Niveau ◽

J. Materi

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Case Law ◽

Time Frame ◽

European Court ◽

Right To Information ◽

Definition Of ◽

Respective Number

AbstractPurposeTo extensively review the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) case law concerning psychiatric commitment, and to estimate the role of this supranational jurisprudence in the practice of contemporary psychiatry.MethodUsing keywords to search the ECHR computerized database “HUDOC”, we reviewed all cases concerning psychiatric commitment registered between September 1953 and December 31, 2004. Four groups were identified: applications declared inadmissible; applications accepted but not judged by the Court; pending cases; and cases judged by the Court.ResultsOf the almost 118,000 decisions taken by the ECHR in this time frame, we found 108 situations concerning psychiatric commitment. Forty-one of these applications were considered by the Court to be inadmissible. Twenty-four other cases were considered admissible but not judged by the ECHR. Three admissible cases were still pending at the end of 2004. The ECHR judged 40 cases, and found in 35 of them that one or several rights as guaranteed by the Convention had been violated.DiscussionThe ECHR protects the human rights of persons subjected to involuntary psychiatric commitment by creating supranational law in the following areas: definition of “unsoundness of mind”; conditions of lawfulness of detention; right to a review of detention by a Court; right to information; right to respect for private and family life; and conditions of confinement, which address inhuman and degrading treatment. The respective number of applications submitted to the ECHR did not depend on when the Convention had entered into force in that country.ConclusionThe possibility of an individual to access the ECHR depends on the degree of democracy in his country and on the access to legal assistance through non-governmental organizations or individual intervening parties.

Organizing without organizations: on informal social activism in Poland

International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy ◽

10.1108/ijssp-11-2015-0120 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 36 (9/10) ◽

pp. 662-679 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Dominika Vergara Polanska ◽

Galia Chimiak

Keyword(s):

Civil Society ◽

Social Activism ◽

Content Type ◽

Social Activists ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Eastern European Countries ◽

Definition Of ◽

Civil Societies

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine motivations of social activists in informal initiatives and to understand why they opt for this more spontaneous and self-organized activism while openly defying the hitherto established way of founding non-governmental organizations. Design/methodology/approach On the basis of a case study of Poland, which had one of the most vibrant civil societies in the socialist region, it is argued that the characteristics ascribed to the functioning of civil society after the toppling of socialism are not reflected in its more recent state. A broader definition of civil society and social activism is suggested to include new types of informal activism, which tend to be over-looked and under-studied. The analysis is built on qualitative and quantitative data gathered in 2014-2015. Findings The argument put forward is that un-institutionalized engagement is qualitatively different from its formal and institutionalized counterpart. The recent growth of informal activism is indicative of a rebirth of communitarian engagement in Polish civil society and a reaction to the underside of its institutionalization. Originality/value In spite of the seminal role played by societal self-organization in the overturning of the socialist system in Eastern European countries, the development of civil society in the region after 1989 has been repeatedly described as passive and characterized by distrustful or individualist attitudes. However, these civil societies have been changing since, and these more recent developments have been neglected by scholars.

Part VI Actors, Ch.38 Non-State Actors

10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0038 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Angstadt J Michael ◽

Betsill Michele

Keyword(s):

Environmental Law ◽

International Environmental Law ◽

State Actor ◽

State Actors ◽

Definition Of ◽

Institutional Actors ◽

Rule Making ◽

International Rule

This chapter describes non-state actors (NSAs), which encompass a range of entities that collectively extend international environmental law beyond traditional state authority in numerous regimes. Characterized by considerable breadth and diversity, NSAs exist within the traditional, state-centric treaty architecture while simultaneously contesting its structure. Because diverse institutional actors can satisfy the definition of ‘non-state actor’, the chapter analyses a subset of NSAs: non-governmental organizations (NGOs). It first defines NGOs, identifying some common characteristics that influence their ability to advance international environmental law, and noting fundamental criteria used to distinguish among NGOs. The chapter then discusses three key functions that NGOs perform in contemporary international environmental law: serving as activists engaged in agenda-setting functions; performing diplomacy to shape and facilitate international rule-making processes; and contributing to rule-making, implementation, and enforcement in contemporary global governance. It concludes by forecasting strong continued NGO participation in developing non-treaty international environmental law.

Ch.1 Introduction

The Oxford Handbook of International Cultural Heritage Law ◽

10.1093/law/9780198859871.003.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Vrdoljak Ana Filipa ◽

Francioni Francesco

Keyword(s):

Cultural Heritage ◽

International Law ◽

Intangible Heritage ◽

Key Stakeholders ◽

Special Rules ◽

Definition Of ◽

International Instruments

This chapter provides an introductory overview to the Handbook. It outlines the definition of cultural heritage as covered by the key international instruments covering movable and immovable, tangible and intangible heritage. It outlines the role of key stakeholders including States, the international community, individuals, groups and communities (including Indigenous peoples), and experts and non-governmental organizations. Finally, the structure of the Handbook is explained. It outlines that there are special rules covering cultural heritage in most specialist areas of international law. It signposts how practice relating to cultural heritage is influencing the development of the rules of general public international law. Likewise, it notes that cultural heritage is influencing disputes resolution processes, integral to the interpretation and implementation of these rules. Finally, the role of regional practice in Africa, Asia, Oceania, the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa is flagged.

Citizen Negotiation: Toward a More Inclusive Process

International Negotiation ◽

10.1163/15718069-12341299 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 89-108 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bertram I. Spector

Keyword(s):

National Level ◽

Organization Structure ◽

Future Research ◽

International Level ◽

Inclusive Process ◽

Issue Networks ◽

Different Types ◽

Different Levels

Negotiation is becoming a more inclusive activity. More and different types of actors are taking part at national and international levels to resolve conflicts and seek agreement. At a national level, non-governmental organizations and individual citizens are partaking in mass demonstrations that often evolve into negotiation. At the international level, ngos working through issue networks have been participating more and more in formal negotiations with state parties. By reviewing several cases at these different levels, this article identifies useful questions for future research focusing on the sources of legitimacy and power of these new actors and how they are changing the organization, structure, process and outcomes of negotiation.

When is a fishery sustainable?

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/cjfas-2015-0062 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 72 (9) ◽

pp. 1433-1441 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Ray Hilborn ◽

Elizabeth A. Fulton ◽

Bridget S. Green ◽

Klaas Hartmann ◽

Sean R. Tracey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fishery Management ◽

Fish Stock ◽

Human Society ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Sustainable Seafood ◽

Fish Product ◽

The Many ◽

Despite the many scientific and public discussions on the sustainability of fisheries, there are still great differences in both perception and definition of the concept. Most authors now suggest that sustainability is best defined as the ability to sustain goods and services to human society, with social and economic factors to be considered along with environmental impacts. The result has been that each group (scientists, economists, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), etc.) defines “sustainable seafood” using whatever criteria it considers most important, and the same fish product may be deemed sustainable by one group and totally unsustainable by another one. We contend, however, that there is now extensive evidence that an ecological focus alone does not guarantee long-term sustainability of any form and that seafood sustainability must consistently take on a socio-ecological perspective if it is to be effective across cultures and in the future. The sustainability of seafood production depends not on the abundance of a fish stock, but on the ability of the fishery management system to adjust fishing pressure to appropriate levels. While there are scientific standards to judge the sustainability of food production, once we examine ecological, social, and economic aspects of sustainability, there is no unique scientific standard.

Teaching to Read Multimodal Texts at Tertiary Education: Learning about Gender and Culture with Oxfam Intermón’s Covers

ASIAN TEFL Journal of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics ◽

10.21462/asiantefl.v4i1.67 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

María Martínez Lirola

Keyword(s):

Critical Thinking ◽

Tertiary Education ◽

Gender Issues ◽

Multimodal Texts ◽

Cultural Aspects ◽

Language Classroom ◽

Different Types ◽

Social Competences

Using multimodal texts in a language classroom offers many opportunities for the development of multiliteracies and the acquisition of different types of competences. The study, thus, aims to deepen into the different social competences university students can acquire when multimodal texts from Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are used in a language classroom. The texts selected are useful to introduce gender issues in the classroom. The methodology is qualitative. For its framework of analysis, the study draws on the main principles of visual grammar (Kress and van Leeuwen, 2006) so that students learn how to analyse visuals. It was decided to use texts from the NGO Oxfam Intermón in which women from other cultures appeared because they allow students at tertiary level develop critical thinking and respect for cultural diversity, which will contribute to the development of social competences. The study reveals that multimodal texts from NGOs are useful to develop critical thinking, to bring cultural aspects into the classroom and to work on social competences.

The Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkov National University. Issues of Political Science ◽

DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF POST-CONFLICT PEACEBUILDING IN UKRAINE

10.26565/2220-8089-2019-36-08 ◽

2019 ◽

Keyword(s):

Integrated Approach ◽

Research Field ◽

Modern Concept ◽

The Public ◽

Post Conflict ◽

Theoretical Approaches ◽

The Status ◽

The article provides analysis of the general theoretical approaches to the definition of the «post-conflict peacebuilding» concept in global political science. It contains the analysis of the formation and development of the concept by international institutions (the UN and the EU) and individual researchers, considers the features of the concept and the basic definition criteria, highlights several most relevant concepts and approaches. The material actualizes the lack of in-depth research on this topic in the world and in Ukraine. In addition to that, it states the modern problems in the identification and differentiation of concept ‘post-conflict peacebuilding” in the international science. A particular attention was paid to various formulations of the concept of “post-conflict peacebuilding” in Ukraine. The national basis for the research and for the formed concepts, highlighted the principles of creating a definition was examined. The main acquisitions and developments of both sectors on this issue are analyzed, the presence/absence of a clear definition is indicated based on the consideration of governmental documents and statutes/visions of non-governmental organizations. The work identifies the main actors who are involved in the conceptualization of the concept and the promotion of research on the topic. It highlights the documents that mention the problem of peacebuilding. Further to this, it determines the focus of the public sector and indicates the change in the status of Ukraine in the research field. Was made an attempt to determine the practical forms of implementation of the concept in Ukraine. The study determines the mechanisms and forms of testing the concept of post-conflict peacebuilding in Ukraine in practice. Additionally, was assembled a list of organizations that are actively involved in developing the modern concept of post-conflict peacebuilding in Ukraine. The study indicates that introducing an integrated approach for analyzing the problem, coordinating the state and non-state sectors on the issue of peacebuilding is essential. It provides the problems and shortcomings of the research and testing methods. Besides, the paper determined the perspectives for further research on the issue of post-conflict peacebuilding.