The Societal Hazards of Neuroenhancement Technologies

2018 ◽  
pp. 163-196
Author(s):  
Nils-Frederic Wagner ◽  
Jeffrey Robinson ◽  
Christine Wiebking
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Cognitive Enhancement ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Transcranial Stimulation ◽  
Cognitive Enhancers ◽  
Emergent Technologies ◽  
Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancement

Using cognitive enhancement technology is becoming increasingly popular. In another paper, the authors argued that using pharmacological cognitive enhancers is detrimental to society, through promoting competitiveness over cooperation, by usurping personal and social identifies and thus changing our narrative and moral character. In this chapter, the authors seek to expand that argument by looking at an emerging technology that is rapidly gaining popularity, that of transcranial stimulation (TS). Here the authors explore TS via two major methods, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (TES). In this, the authors seek to demonstrate that artificial cognitive enhancement is detrimental to society. Furthermore, that the argument can be applied beyond the moral dubiousness of using pharmacological cognitive enhancement, but applied to new, emergent technologies as well. In other words, artificial cognitive enhancement regardless of the technology/medium is detrimental to society.

scholarly journals Modern concepts of the pathogenesis of obesity and new approaches to its correction

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Oksana V. Logvinova ◽  
Alexandra G. Poydasheva ◽  
Ilya S. Bakulin ◽  
Olga V. Lagoda ◽  
Elena I. Kremneva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Food Behavior ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Non Invasive

The present review considers modern concepts of the physiological mechanisms of the formation of food behavior in a norm at several levels, beginning with the cellular level and ending with the level of functional systems. Neuroimaging methods used for both the study of the pathophysiological foundations of eating disorders and for determining the target for neurostimulation techniques are described. Methods of non-invasive brain stimulation such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial electrical stimulation, the mechanisms of their influence and aspects of safety of application are reviewed, the latest data on the results of studies on the use of the above methods in the therapy of obesity are summarized.

scholarly journals Clozapine-resistant schizophrenia – non pharmacological augmentation methods

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-291
Author(s):  
Joanna Gałaszkiewicz ◽  
Krzysztof Rębisz ◽  
Justyna Morylowska-Topolska ◽  
Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz ◽  
Gustaw Kozak
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Drug Of Choice ◽  
Pubmed Database

AbstractClozapine is the drug of choice for drug-resistant schizophrenia, but despite its use, 30-40% patients fail to achieve satisfactory therapeutic effects. In such situations, augmentation attempts are made by both pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. To date, most of the work has been devoted to pharmacological strategies, much less to augemantation of clozapine with electroconvulsive therapy (C+ECT), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) or transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).Aim: The aim of the work is to present biological, non-pharmacological augmentation treatment methods with clozapine.Material and methods: A review of the literature on non-pharmacological augmentation treatment methods with clozapine was made. PubMed database was searched using key words: drug-resistant schizophrenia, clozapine, ECT, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial electrical stimulation and time descriptors: 1980-2017.Results: Most studies on the possibility of increasing the efficacy of clozapine was devoted to combination therapy with clozapine + electric treatments. They have shown improved efficacy when using these two methods simultaneously from 37.5 to 100%. The only randomized trial so far has also confirmed the effectiveness of this procedure. Despite the described side effects of tachycardia or prolonged seizures, most studies indicate the safety and efficacy of combined use of clozapine and electroconvulsive therapy. Transcranial magnetic stimulation also appears to be a safe method in patients treated with clozapine. However, further research is needed before ECT can be included in standard TRS treatment algorithms. The data for combining transcranial electrical stimulation with clozapine, come only from descriptions of cases and need to be confirmed in controlled studies.Conclusions: The results of studies on the possibility of increasing the effectiveness of clozapine using biological non-pharmacological treatment methods indicate a potentially beneficial effect of this type of methods in breaking the super-resistance in schizophrenia. Combination of clozapine and ECT can be considered as the most recommended strategy among these treatment methods.

scholarly journals Modern concepts of the pathogenesis of obesity and new approaches to its correction

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Oksana Viktorovna Logvinova ◽  
Alexandra Georgievna Poydasheva ◽  
Ilya Sergeevich Bakulin ◽  
Olga Viktorovna Lagoda ◽  
Elena Igorevna Kremneva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Food Behavior ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Non Invasive

The present review considers modern concepts of the physiological mechanisms of the formation of food behavior in a norm at several levels, beginning with the cellular level and ending with the level of functional systems. Neuroimaging methods used for both the study of the pathophysiological foundations of eating disorders and for determining the target for neurostimulation techniques are described. Methods of non-invasive brain stimulation such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial electrical stimulation, the mechanisms of their influence and aspects of safety of application are reviewed, the latest data on the results of studies on the use of the above methods in the therapy of obesity are summarized.

scholarly journals Sham transcranial magnetic stimulation using electrical stimulation of the scalp

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Mennemeier ◽  
William J. Triggs ◽  
Kenneth C. Chelette ◽  
A.J. Woods ◽  
Timothy A. Kimbrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

The effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on the excitability of the motor neuron pools of the muscles of the lower extremities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.S. Ananiev ◽  
D.A. Pavlov ◽  
R.N. Yakupov ◽  
V.A. Golodnova ◽  
M.V. Balykin
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Lower Extremities ◽  
Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

The study was conducted on 22 healthy men aged 18-23 years. The primary motor cortex innervating the lower limb was stimulated with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Using transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord, evoked motor responses of the muscles of the lower extremities were initiated when electrodes were applied cutaneous between the spinous processes in the Th11-Th12 projection. Research protocol: Determination of the thresholds of BMO of the muscles of the lower extremities during TESCS; determination of the BMO threshold of the TA muscle in TMS; determination of the thresholds of the BMO of the muscles of the lower extremities during TESCS against the background of 80% and 90% TMS. It was found that magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex of the brain leads to an increase in the excitability of the neural structures of the lumbar thickening of the spinal cord and an improvement in neuromuscular interactions. Key words: transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord, neural networks, excitability, neuromuscular interactions.

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