Composite Indicators as Decision Support Method for Flood Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-41
Author(s):  
Ahmed Karmaoui ◽  
Abdelkrim Ben Salem ◽  
Guido Minucci
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Flexible Tool ◽  
Flood Vulnerability ◽  
Support Tools ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Main Components

Floods are highly relevant extreme events with increasing frequency at a global scale. They remain among the most dangerous and complex natural disasters in middle and low-income countries. In this context, it is necessary to develop decision-support tools to reduce the flood risk and increase the resilience. The chapter reviews one of the most relevant tools, the flood vulnerability index (FVI) category at a global scale. These tools use hydrological, topographic, socio-economic parameters strongly associated with flood vulnerability. The findings indicate that FVI is a flexible tool for integrated assessment of vulnerability to floods for application in different regions. Social, environmental, and physical components are the main components used in the FVI. Household and neighborhood, basin, urban, sub-catchment, and coastal are the different levels of vulnerability analysis.

scholarly journals The Impact of Systems of Care on International Health Security

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Reis ◽  
James Cipolla
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Systems Of Care ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
Neonatal Resuscitation ◽  
International Health ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
The Impact

International health security (IHS) prioritizes cross-border threats to nations such as epidemics, bioterrorism, and climate change. In the modern era, however, the leading causes of mortality are not infectious. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Over three-quarters of CVD deaths take place in low-income countries, illustrating a disparity in care. Traumatic injury also remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, placing a particularly heavy burden upon countries with limited resources. Cerebrovascular disease and acute stroke syndromes are major causes of mortality and disability worldwide. Programs leading to timely revascularization have proven to be the most powerful predictor of disease outcomes. The health of women and children is vital to creating a healthy world. The impact of neonatal resuscitation programs on mortality has been a major force in advancing international health security. Finally, the establishment of emergency medical services (EMS) systems has been shown to improve the health of communities in both high- and low-income nations. In order to address health security on a global scale, government authorities and public health institutions must incorporate access to modern systems of care addressing the major determinants of health and primary causes of mortality.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Recession: The Global Economy in Crisis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Balcılar
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Commodity Markets ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Global Recession ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Developments

In January 2020, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) predicted that the world economy would grow by 3.3% in 2020. However, in its latest forecasts, in April, it predicts a contraction of 3.0%, without growth prospects and with numerous risks. The World bank even forecasts a 3.6% contraction in 2020. These forecasts are already seen as overestimates. Most baseline forecast envisions the deepest global recession since World War II. This study analyzes various economics impacts of the COVID-19 on a global scale. If the global recession expected due to the effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19) would lead to a decline in growth rate of global gross domestic product (GDP) between 2.0% and 10.% in all countries in 2020, the number of unemployed people in the net food importer countries would increase between 14.4 million and 80.3 million; the biggest part of the increase would occur in low-income countries. As the pandemic has shown its most severe impact on the largest world economies, the study considers the developments in United States, Euro Area, Japan and China. The recessions in these parts of the world spreads to the other countries and one should primarily consider these regions. Next we consider the trends in global trades, financial markets, and commodity markets. In association with the four regions of the global economy and trends in global trade, financial markets and commodity markets we consider recent developments in emerging markets.

Developing Training Tools for Clinicians in LICs: Using Hidden Markov Modeling to Study the Decision-Making Strategies of Expert and Novice Prosthetists

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratima Saravanan ◽  
Michael Walker ◽  
Jessica Menold
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Decision Support Tool ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Expert And Novice

Abstract Approximately, 40 million amputees reside in the rural parts of Low-Income Countries (LICs), and 95% of this population do not have proper access to prosthetic devices and rehabilitation services. A proper prosthetic prescription requires a clear understanding of the patient’s ambulation, goals, cultural and societal norms, locally available prosthetic materials, etc., which can be accomplished only by a local prosthetist. However, due to the lack of prosthetic schools and training centers in LICs, the rural parts lack well-trained amputee care providers. Hence there is a need to educate the prosthetists and prosthetic technicians in the LIC, specifically in the rural regions. To accomplish this, the current research proposes a decision-support tool to aid decision-making during prescription and educate prosthetists. A controlled study was conducted with expert and novice prosthetists to compare effective decision-making strategies. Results suggest that experts leverage distinct decision-making strategies when prescribing prosthetic and orthotic devices; in comparison, novices exhibited less consistent patterns of decision-making tendencies. By modeling the decision-making strategies of expert prosthetists, this work lays the foundation to develop an automated decision support tool to support decision-making for prosthetists in LICs, improving overall amputee care.

Afterword I The status of public health in low-income countries

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Roche ◽  
Hélène Broutin ◽  
Frederic Simard
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
High Income ◽  
Health Programs ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Public Health Programs ◽  
High Burden ◽  
The Status ◽  
Very High

In this first part of the book, we have highlighted that infectious diseases still impose a very high burden on populations living in low-income countries, with millions of deaths every year attributable to pathogens that have (almost) disappeared in high-income countries (such as malaria or tuberculosis). Numerous public health programs at a global scale are trying to diminish this burden through multiple interventions, involving vaccines, antibiotics, drugs and vector control, among others. Many of these global programs have been extremely successful, but their impacts have been much more striking in high-income countries than in low-income countries, where, despite noticeable successes, achievements are fragile, sustainability is uncertain and there are still many possible improvements....

"Catastrophic Risk Assessment, Using Integrated Multi-Criteria Flood Vulnerability Index for Various Spatial and Temporal Mining Scales : A Case Study of Kosi Flood Affected Five Districts"

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prince Divakar Saxena ◽  
Sanjay Pande
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Flood Vulnerability ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Flood Vulnerability Index

Human population worldwide is vulnerable to natural disasters, which are increasing due to the consequences of socio-economical and land-use developments and due to climate change. In recent years the impacts of floods have gained importance because of the increasing amount of people who are affected by its adverse effects. In this study a methodology to compute a flood vulnerability index, based on indicators, is developed, aiming at assessing the conditions which favour flood damages at various levels: river basin, sub-catchment and urban area. This methodology can be used as a tool for decision making to direct investments at the most needed sectors. Its implementation could guide policy makers to analyse actions towards better dealing with floods. The methodology involves two concepts. First, vulnerability, which covers three related concepts called factors of vulnerability: exposure, susceptibility and resilience. The other concept concerns the actual flooding; understanding which elements of a system is suffering from this natural disaster. Three main components of a system are recognized which are affected by flooding: social, economical and environmental The interaction between the vulnerability factors and the components serves as the base of the proposed methodology. The methodology has been applied in various case studies spatial and temporal scales, which resulted in interesting observations on how vulnerability can be reflected by quantifiable indicators. The testing results indicate that the FVI of a river basin as a whole can be better reflected by the average FVI of its sub-catchments, thereby improving decision-making processes at regional levels. However, the average FVI of urban areas does not reflect the FVI of the sub-catchment or river basin in which they are located.

scholarly journals Impacts of discriminated PM2.5 on global under-five and maternal mortality

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Opiyo Owili ◽  
Tang-Huang Lin ◽  
Miriam Adoyo Muga ◽  
Wei-Hung Lien
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Maternal Deaths ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Globally, it was estimated that maternal and under-five deaths were high in low-income countries than that of high-income countries. Most studies, however, have focused only on the clinical causes of maternal and under-five deaths, and yet there could be other factors such as ambient particulate matter (PM). The current global estimates indicate that exposure to ambient PM2.5 (with ≤ 2.5 microns aerodynamic diameter) has caused about 7 million deaths and over 100 million disability-adjusted life-years. There are also several health risks that have been linked PM2.5, including mortality, both regionally and globally; however, PM2.5 is a mixture of many compounds from various sources. Globally, there is little evidence of the health effects of various types of PM2.5, which may uniquely contribute to the global burden of disease. Currently, only two studies had estimated the effects of discriminated ambient PM2.5, that is, anthropogenic, biomass and dust, on under-five and maternal mortality using satellite measurements, and this study found a positive association in Africa and Asia. However, the study area was conducted in only one region and may not reflect the spatial variations throughout the world. Therefore, in this study, we discriminated different ambient PM2.5 and estimated the effects on a global scale. Using the generalized linear mixed-effects model (GLMM) with a random-effects model, we found that biomass PM2.5 was associated with an 8.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.1–13.9%) increased risk of under-five deaths, while dust PM2.5 was marginally associated with 9.5% of under-five deaths. Nevertheless, our study found no association between PM2.5 type and global maternal deaths. This result may be because the majority of maternal deaths could be associated with preventable deaths that would require clinical interventions. Identification of the mortality-related types of ambient PM2.5 can enable the development of a focused intervention strategy of placing appropriate preventive measures for reducing the generation of source-specific PM2.5 and subsequently diminishing PM2.5-related mortality.

scholarly journals Exogenous Shocks and Growth Crises in Low-Income Countries: A Vulnerability Index

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (264) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Era Dabla-Norris ◽  
Yasemin Bal-Gunduz ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Exogenous Shocks

Towards an adaptive decision-support system for Type I Diabetes treatment based on simulation and machine learning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iván Castilla-Rodríguez ◽  
Rafael Arnay ◽  
José M. González-Cava ◽  
Juan A. Méndez ◽  
Amado Rivero-Santana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Decision Support System ◽  
Support System ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Type I Diabetes ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Type I ◽  
Effective Interventions

"Diabetes is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in the world, especially in middle- and low-income countries. Inter- and intra-patient variability greatly hinders the establishment of effective treatments by clinicians, even among those most experienced. This variability also prevents health administrations to establish adequate controls that guarantee the application of the most cost-effective interventions. In this work, we propose a decision support system that uses simulation and machine learning as tools to provide the clinician with information adapted to the patient on the best intervention for a patient in terms of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness."

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document