Childhood Interest in Computers and Adult Career Choices in IT

2011 ◽  
pp. 96-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul F. Cleary
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
The United States ◽  
It Industry ◽  
Computer Scientists ◽  
Adult Career ◽  
Systems Analysts ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The U.S

A considerable amount of interest in the past several years has been devoted to the characteristics and dynamics of the fast-growing information technology (IT) industry in the United States (U.S.). Particular attention has been focused on how gains from increasing computer and Internet use are distributed across society. Do all segments of society enjoy the same level of access and use of computers and the Internet, or do some segments of society benefit more from computer and Internet use than others? This question has engaged a widespread and prolonged debate surrounding the issues of fairness of IT participation and use in the U.S. By the same token, many in recent years have also focused on how interest in IT and computer and Internet use are distributed across society. In this article, I focus attention on gender participation in IT: Are there differences in both interest in IT as a profession, and computer and Internet use across the U.S., and do these differences persist among young people? While there is considerable evidence that gaps in Internet access and use by gender have largely disappeared (Mossberger, Tolbert, & Stansbury, 2003; Companie, 2001; Norris, 2001; Warschauer, 2003), there is a growing concern that differences in interest in the IT industry by gender are, in fact, widening. Although evidence suggests that the societal gender gap in Internet access and use has largely disappeared, a gender gap in IT professions still exists and, in fact, is widening. Measuring the magnitude of the gap is complicated because there are varying definitions as to which occupations comprise the core IT professions. Using data from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Current Population Survey (CPS), Meares and Sargent identify four core IT occupations: computer scientists, computer engineers, systems analysts, and computer programmers (1999, pp. 3-4), while The Council of Economic Advisors identifies five core IT occupations: electrical and electronic engineers, computer systems analysts and scientists, operations and systems researchers and analysts, computer programmers, and computer operators (The Council of Economic Advisors, 2000, p. 3). Assuming that working in an IT occupation constitutes interest in the field, then if the level of participation among women in IT declines, presumably, so does their interest in the IT industry.

The Digital Divide in the U.S. in the 21st Century

2010 ◽  
pp. 112-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barney Warf
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Digital Divide ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
The United States ◽  
Internet Usage ◽  
Racial Inequalities ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The U.S

The United States has the world’s largest national population of Internet users, roughly 170 million people, or 70% of the adult population. However, the deep class and racial inequalities within the U.S. are mirrored in access to cyberspace. This chapter examines the nature of the U.S. digital divide, differentiating between Internet access and usage, using data from 1995 to 2005. Although Internet usage has grown among all sociodemographic groups, substantial differences by income and ethnicity persist. The chapter also examines discrepancies in access to broadband technologies.

Disproportionately Overrepresented: Women in Local Elected Offices

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan M. Bernick ◽  
Brianne Heidbreder
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
National Association ◽  
County Level ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The U.S

This research examines the position of county clerk, where women are numerically disproportionately over-represented. Using data collected from the National Association of Counties and the U.S. Census Bureau, the models estimate the correlation between the county clerk’s sex and county-level demographic, social, and political factors with maximum likelihood logit estimates. This research suggests that while women are better represented in the office of county clerk across the United States, when compared to other elective offices, this representation may be because this office is not seen as attractive to men and its responsibilities fit within the construct of traditional gender norms.

scholarly journals Tenure, Turnover, And Earnings Profiles In Germany And The United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth A. Couch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Job Turnover ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Employment Tenure ◽  
Returns To Experience ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Male Workers

Employment tenure, job turnover and returns to general and specific skills are examined for male workers in Germany and the United States using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics.  Employment in Germany is characterized by longer duration and less frequent turnover than in the United States.  Returns to experience and tenure are lower in Germany than in the U.S.; however, peak earnings occur later.  This delayed peak in the employment-earnings profile provides an incentive for German workers to remain longer with their employers and change jobs less frequently.

Government Employees’ Experience and Expectation of COVID-19 Hardships: The Moderating Role of Gender and Race in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 027507402110492
Author(s):  
JungHo Park ◽  
Yongjin Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Government Employees ◽  
Income Loss ◽  
Gender And Race ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Moderating Role ◽  
The U.S

This article examines government employees’ experience and expectation of socioeconomic hardships during the COVID-19 pandemic—employment income loss, housing instability, and food insufficiency—by focusing on the role of gender and race. Employing the Household Pulse Survey, a nationally representative and near real-time pandemic data deployed by the U.S. Census Bureau, we find that government employees were less affected by the pandemic than non-government employees across socioeconomic hardships. However, female and racial minorities, when investigated within government employees, have a worse experience and expectation of pandemic hardships than men and non-Hispanic Whites. Our findings suggest a clear gender gap and racial disparities in the experience and expectation of pandemic hardships.

Organized Interests and Agenda Setting in the U.S. Supreme Court

1988 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 1109-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Caldeira ◽  
John R. Wright
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
United States Supreme Court ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Supreme ◽  
Amicus Curiae ◽  
Organized Interests ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Selection Of

Participation as amicus curiae has long been an important tactic of organized interests in litigation before the U.S. Supreme Court. We analyze amicus curiae briefs filed before the decision on certiorari and assess their impact on the Court's selection of a plenary docket. We hypothesize that one or more briefs advocating or opposing certiorari increase the likelihood of its being granted. We test this hypothesis using data from the United States Reports and Briefs and Records of the United States Supreme Court for the 1982 term. The statistical analysis demonstrates that the presence of amicus curiae briefs filed prior to the decision on certiorari significantly and positively increases the chances of the justices' binding of a case over for full treatment—even after we take into account the full array of variables other scholars have hypothesized or shown to be substantial influences on the decision to grant or deny.

scholarly journals Implementation of SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody infusion sites at three medical centers in the United States: Strengths and challenges assessment to inform COVID-19 pandemic and future public health emergency use

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Anastasia S. Lambrou ◽  
John T. Redd ◽  
Miles A. Stewart ◽  
Kaitlin Rainwater-Lovett ◽  
Jonathan K. Thornhill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Emergency Services ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Pandemic Response ◽  
Using Data ◽  
National Disaster ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Monoclonal antibody therapeutics to treat COVID-19 have been authorized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration under Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). Many barriers exist when deploying a novel therapeutic during an ongoing pandemic, and it is critical to assess the needs of incorporating monoclonal antibody infusions into pandemic response activities. We examined the monoclonal antibody infusion site process during the COVID-19 pandemic and conducted a descriptive analysis using data from three sites at medical centers in the U.S. supported by the National Disaster Medical System. Monoclonal antibody implementation success factors included engagement with local medical providers, therapy batch preparation, placing the infusion center in proximity to emergency services, and creating procedures resilient to EUA changes. Infusion process challenges included confirming patient SARS-CoV-2 positivity, strained staff, scheduling, and pharmacy coordination. Infusion sites are effective when integrated into pre-existing pandemic response ecosystems and can be implemented with limited staff and physical resources.

Gender, Race, Social Class, and Information Technology

2011 ◽  
pp. 705-710
Author(s):  
Myungsook Klassen ◽  
Russell Stockard Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
It Workforce ◽  
Underrepresentation Of Women ◽  
Use Of The Internet ◽  
The U.S

The issue of the underrepresentation of women in the information technology (IT) workforce has been the subject of a number of studies, and the gender gap was an issue when the digital divide dominated discourse about women’s and minority groups’ use of the Internet. However, a broader view is needed. That perspective would include the relation of women and IT in the communities in which they live as well as the larger society. The information society that has emerged includes the United States (U.S.) and the globalized economy of which it is an integral part. Women and minorities, such as African Americans and Latinos, are underrepresented in computer science (CS) and other IT positions in the U.S. In addition, while they are no longer numerically underrepresented in access to computers and the Internet, as of 2000 (Gorski, 2001), they continue to enjoy fewer benefits available through the medium than white boys and men. The following article explores the diversity within women from the perspectives of race, ethnicity and social class in North America, mainly the U.S. The technology gender and racial gap persists in education and in the IT workforce. A broader and deeper look at women’s positions in relation to the increasingly techno-centric society reveals that women may have reached equality in access, but not in academic study and job opportunities.

E-Commerce and Sales Taxes in the United States

2008 ◽  
pp. 247-267
Author(s):  
Christopher G. Reddick
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sales Tax ◽  
Access Management ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Contentious Issue ◽  
System A ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

This article examines the relationship between electronic commerce and the U.S. state sales and use tax system. A framework is used in this study of a high-quality tax system and it is applied to taxing electronic commerce sales. The first part of this article analyzed nine principles of an effective tax system, and divided these principles into the categories of adequacy of revenue, fairness of revenue, and management of revenue. In the second part of this article, these principles are tested to determine what impact electronic commerce taxation has on an effective revenue system. The results of these initial tests suggest that taxation of electronic commerce was associated with fairness in the tax system. In particular, the results suggested that states that had fairer tax systems were more likely to rely less on a sales tax and more on taxing Internet access. Management and adequacy of the revenue systems of states were not found to have a significant bearing on taxing electronic commerce. These results reinforce the existing public finance and legal theories which argue that the sales tax is not a fair revenue stream, and it should be re-evaluated especially in light of the contentious issue of taxing electronic commerce.

Internet-Based Neighborhood Information Systems

2011 ◽  
pp. 275-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danny Krouk ◽  
Bill Pitkin ◽  
Neil Richman
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
The United States ◽  
Education Level ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Successful Transmission ◽  
Computer Ownership ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Over Time

This verse comes from a poem read by one of the key figures in the development of the Internet at a recent symposium held to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the first successful transmission of digital bits from one computer to another, which ushered in the era of computer networks (Kaplan, September 6, 1999). Perhaps not unexpectedly, participants in this commemorative event reflected on the rapid development of networking and what we today call the Internet and predicted its ubiquity in everyday life, likening it to electricity. Obviously, however, we are not quite there yet. Recent data from the U.S. Department of Commerce suggest that, despite rapidly increasing rates of computer ownership and Internet access in the United States, there are still many people who have been left out of the information revolution. Researchers found that Internet access is highly correlated with income, education level and race, leading them to conclude: The information ‘haves’ have dramatically outpaced the information ‘have nots’ in their access to electronic services. As a result, the gap between these groups — the digital divide — has grown over time. (McConnaughey et al., 1999, p. 88)

Differential IT Access and Use Patterns in Rural and Small-Town Atlantic Canada

2011 ◽  
pp. 136-150
Author(s):  
David Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Internet Use ◽  
Small Town ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
Atlantic Canada ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Policies And Programs

Popular press and government rhetoric suggest that there has been steady progress in the extent to which individuals, households, businesses, organizations, and communities are using the Internet as part of their daily lives (Bruce, 1998, 1997). However, there is little empirical evidence to support this claim. In this chapter I argue that there has been slow and uneven penetration of Internet use in rural and small-town communities in Atlantic Canada, despite the best efforts of policies and programs. Drawing on evidence from a recent Internet use survey, suggestions are made for improving the performance of policies and programs aimed at increasing Internet access and use. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an empirical overview of differential Internet access and use patterns, using data collected  from a  January 1998 survey (Jordan, 1998; Bruce and Gadsden, 1999) of 1501 households in 20 different Atlantic Canadian communities grouped into five distinct “community categories.” (Reimer, 1997a, 1997b) Characteristics of users for purposes of this analysis include age, gender, household income, educational attainment, and employment status. This chapter also explores the extent to which Atlantic Canadians have taken formal or informal courses or training programs related to information technology between 1993 and 1998.

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