Music Representation of Score, Sound, MIDI, Structure and Metadata All Integrated in a Single Multilayer Environment Based on XML

2011 ◽  
pp. 305-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriano Baratè ◽  
Goffredo Haus ◽  
Luca A. Ludovico
Keyword(s):  
Multilayer Structure ◽  
General Music ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Standardization Process ◽  
Music Information ◽  
Music Piece ◽  
Music Representation

In this chapter, we will analyze the heterogeneous contents involved in a comprehensive description of music, organizing them according to a multilayer structure. Each layer we can identify corresponds to a different degree of abstraction in music information. In particular, our approach arranges music contents in six layers: General, Music Logic, Structural, Notational, Performance, and Audio. In order to reflect such organization, we will introduce a new XML-based format, called MX, which is currently undergoing the IEEE standardization process (IEEE SA PAR1599). In an MX file, music symbols, printed scores, audio tracks, computer-driven performances, catalogue metadata, and graphic contents related to a single music piece can be linked and mutually synchronized within the same encoding. The aforementioned multilayer structure allows us to gather and organize heterogeneous contents, leaving them encoded in well-known and commonly used formats aimed at music description.

MPEG Symbolic Music Representation

2011 ◽  
pp. 12-25
Author(s):  
Pierfrancesco Bellini ◽  
Paolo Nesi ◽  
Giorgio Zioa
Keyword(s):  
Music Performance ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Sheet Music ◽  
Music Production ◽  
Visual Coding ◽  
Music Score ◽  
Communication Devices ◽  
Audio Rendering ◽  
Music Piece ◽  
Music Representation

The evolution of digital communication devices and formats has recently produced fundamental changes in the practical approach to music representation and notation, transforming them from a simple visual coding model for sheet music into a composite tool for modelling music in computer and multimedia applications in general. As a consequence, a multi-layer model of music representation is needed for several purposes in addition to sheet music production or visual display, such as audio rendering, entertainment, music analysis, database query, music performance coding, music distance learning, etc. The Symbolic Music Representation is a standard for modelling music notations, proposed inside the MPEG multimedia framework. Symbolic music representation generalizes the main music notation concepts to model the visual aspects of a music score, and audio information or annotations related to the music piece, allowing integration with other audiovisual elements by multimedia references. The Symbolic Music Representation standard overcomes the limitations of a widely accepted format like MIDI, which is in line with its main purpose to model music events whereas it reveals important limitations in producing audio and visual representations with satisfactory results.

scholarly journals State-of-the-Art Model for Music Object Recognition with Deep Learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (13) ◽  
pp. 2645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiqing Huang ◽  
Xiang Jia ◽  
Yifan Guo
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Information ◽  
Feature Fusion ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
General Music ◽  
Pitch Accuracy ◽  
Detection Model ◽  
The Core ◽  
Music Score ◽  
Music Recognition ◽  
Music Information

Optical music recognition (OMR) is an area in music information retrieval. Music object detection is a key part of the OMR pipeline. Notes are used to record pitch and duration and have semantic information. Therefore, note recognition is the core and key aspect of music score recognition. This paper proposes an end-to-end detection model based on a deep convolutional neural network and feature fusion. This model is able to directly process the entire image and then output the symbol categories and the pitch and duration of notes. We show a state-of-the-art recognition model for general music symbols which can get 0.92 duration accurary and 0.96 pitch accuracy .

A Clustering Strategy for the Key Segmentation of Musical Audio

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximos A. Kaliakatsos-Papakostas ◽  
Andreas Floros ◽  
Michael N. Vrahatis
Keyword(s):  
Classical Music ◽  
Automatic Segmentation ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Musical Characteristics ◽  
Audio Data ◽  
Music Information ◽  
Musical Audio ◽  
Music Piece ◽  
Western Classical Music

Key changes are common in Western classical music. The precise segmentation of a music piece at instances where key changes occur allows for further analysis, like self-similarity analysis, chord recognition, and several other techniques that mainly pertain to the characterization of music content. This article examines the automatic segmentation of audio data into parts composed in different keys, using clustering on chroma-related spaces. To this end, the k-means algorithm is used and a methodology is proposed so that useful information about key changes can be derived, regardless of the number of clusters or key changes. The proposed methodology is evaluated by experimenting on the segmentation of recordings of existing compositions from the Classic-Romantic repertoire. Additional analysis is performed using artificial data sets. Specifically, the construction of artificial pieces is proposed as a means to investigate the potential of the strategy under discussion in predefined key-change scenarios that encompass different musical characteristics. For the existing compositions, we compare the results of our proposed methodology with others from the music information retrieval literature. Finally, although the proposed methodology is only capable of locating key changes and not the key identities themselves, we discuss results regarding the labeling of a composition's key in the located segments.

scholarly journals Human and Computation-based Music Representation for Gamelan Music

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 82-100
Author(s):  
Arry Maulana Syarif ◽  
Azhari Azhari ◽  
Suprapto Suprapto ◽  
Khafiizh Hastuti
Keyword(s):  
Public Database ◽  
Sheet Music ◽  
Representation Systems ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Pitch Information ◽  
Representation Technique ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Music Piece ◽  
Music Representation ◽  
Musical Elements

A public database containing representative data of karawitan traditional music is needed as a resource for researchers who study computer music and karawitan. To establish this database, a text-based pitch model for music representation that is both human and computer-based was first investigated. A new model of musical representation that can be read by humans and computers is proposed to support music and computer research on karawitan also known as gamelan music. The model is expected to serve as the initial effort to establish a public database of karawitan music representation data. The proposed model was inspired by Helmholtz Notation and Scientific Pitch Notation and well-established, text-based pitch representation systems. The model was developed not only for pitch number, high or low or middle pitch information (octave information), but for musical elements found in gamelan sheet music pieces that include pitch value and legato signs. The model was named Gendhing Scientific Pitch Notation (GSPN). Ghending is a Javanese word that means “song”. The GSPN model was designed to represent music by formulating musical elements from a sheet music piece. Furthermore, the model can automatically be converted to other music representation formats. In the experiment, data in the GSPN format was implemented to automatically convert sheet music to a binary code with localist representation technique.

Influence of increased nutrient supply on Microcystis aeruginosa at cellular and proteomic levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 47-58
Author(s):  
Y Jiang ◽  
Y Liu
Keyword(s):  
Microcystis Aeruginosa ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
Proteomic Responses

Various studies have observed that increased nutrient supply promotes the growth of bloom-forming cyanobacteria, but only a limited number of studies have investigated the influence of increased nutrient supply on bloom-forming cyanobacteria at the proteomic level. We investigated the cellular and proteomic responses of Microcystis aeruginosa to elevated nitrogen and phosphorus supply. Increased supply of both nutrients significantly promoted the growth of M. aeruginosa and the synthesis of chlorophyll a, protein, and microcystins. The release of microcystins and the synthesis of polysaccharides negatively correlated with the growth of M. aeruginosa under high nutrient levels. Overexpressed proteins related to photosynthesis, and amino acid synthesis, were responsible for the stimulatory effects of increased nutrient supply in M. aeruginosa. Increased nitrogen supply directly promoted cyanobacterial growth by inducing the overexpression of the cell division regulatory protein FtsZ. NtcA, that regulates gene transcription related to both nitrogen assimilation and microcystin synthesis, was overexpressed under the high nitrogen condition, which consequently induced overexpression of 2 microcystin synthetases (McyC and McyF) and promoted microcystin synthesis. Elevated nitrogen supply induced the overexpression of proteins involved in gas vesicle organization (GvpC and GvpW), which may increase the buoyancy of M. aeruginosa. Increased phosphorus level indirectly affected growth and the synthesis of cellular substances in M. aeruginosa through the mediation of differentially expressed proteins related to carbon and phosphorus metabolism. This study provides a comprehensive description of changes in the proteome of M. aeruginosa in response to an increased supply of 2 key nutrients.

Mechanisms of Dopant Depth Profile Modification During Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Multilayer Structure

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 511-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Efremov ◽  
◽  
V.G. Litovchenko ◽  
V.P. Melnik ◽  
O.S. Oberemok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depth Profile ◽  
Multilayer Structure ◽  
Mass Spectrometric ◽  
Mass Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Profile Modification

In Situ Assembly of LDPE/PA6 Multilayer Structure by Stirring

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-69
Author(s):  
P. Pongmuksuwan ◽  
W. Harnnarongchai
Keyword(s):  
Multilayer Structure

Cognitive dominants of the conceptual sphere in the novel “of human bondage” by W. S. Maugham

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-61
Author(s):  
Olga B. Ponomareva ◽  
Valeriya I. Orlova
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Meaning Of Life ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Thought Processes ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Semantic Fields ◽  
Linguistic Representations ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Linguistic Methods

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the basic concepts that make up the conceptual sphere of the novel “Of Human Bondage” by W. S. Maugham. These concepts act as cognitive dominants of the linguistic consciousness of the protagonist’s linguistic personality in the work under study. The novelty of this research lies in the fact that it is performed within the framework of a new paradigm of linguistics — the cognitive linguistics, which involves the study of mental and linguistic representations of thought processes that occur during the perception of information. Moreover, the novel “Of Human Bondage” by W. S. Maugham has not attracted the attention of linguists-cognitologists previously, which adds to the novelty of this article. In addition, the present study provides a comprehensive description of the basic concepts making up the conceptual sphere of the novel. The linguistic methods of representing various concepts in the analyzed work are determined by the national, personal, cultural, and psychological aspects of Maugham’s thinking. The authors employ a communicative-cognitive methodological analysis proposed by N. S. Bolotnova involving the modeling of textual and intertextual semantic fields of artistic concepts and the analysis of the conceptual sphere of a literary text. The universal concepts RELIGION, LOVE, PASSION, THE MEANING OF LIFE, which constitute the conceptual sphere of the novel by W. S. Maugham “Of Human Bondage”, are analyzed. The main result of the study is that THE MEANING OF LIFE concept is universal, not individual, and it includes other universal concepts, such as RELIGION, LOVE, PASSION, THE MEANING OF LIFE, conceptual metaphors and metonyms, symbols, and other words-associates, which constitute the broad figurative and evaluative periphery of the conceptual sphere of the novel.

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