New Global Institutions

2010 ◽  
pp. 178-195
Author(s):  
Robert A. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Infinite Regress ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Global Institutions ◽  
The Us ◽  
Public Recognition ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Principles Of Justice ◽  
The Right ◽  
Enforcement Activity

How do we decide which new global institutions should be created to implement the Global Economy Principles of Justice? It would be tempting to create authorities whenever wrongs and injustices need to be prevented or corrected. As I noted in Chapter 8, The Ethical Status of Globalized Institutions, the difficult question is, who oversees that an authority is using its power appropriately? We don’t want to create institutions with unchecked power, yet we don’t want to create any more authorities than absolutely necessary for the implementation of the Global Economy Principles of Justice. For if each new institution requires oversight, we apparently create an infinite regress: We need someone to oversee the oversight, and someone else to oversee whoever is overseeing the oversight, and so on. There are two possible ways to avoid this infinite regress. As I suggested in Chapter 10, public recognition of the existence of a social contract itself lessens the need for oversight and enforcement activity. Most people obey the law even when they are sure a policeman is not watching. The other way to avoid the regress, as I suggested in Chapter 8, was to use the checks and balances system of the branches of the US government. Effectively, each branch has oversight on the others. Three seems to be the right number of branches,1 and executive, judicial, and legislative branches are plausible.

scholarly journals A financial risk and fraud model comparison of Bear Stearns and Sehman Brothers: was the right or wrong firm bailed out?

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-87
Author(s):  
Hugh Grove ◽  
Maclyn Clouse
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Model Comparison ◽  
The Us ◽  
Lehman Brothers ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Crisis Conditions ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Right ◽  
Bail Out

In March 2008, the US government bailed out a failing Bear Stearns by arranging a sale to JP Morgan Chase, with US government guarantees for many Bear Stearns’ toxic assets that came with the acquisition. In September 2008, the US government failed to bail out a failing Lehman Brothers, which then went into bankruptcy. Soon thereafter, the US government established a bailout program for many other failing financial institutions. This paper uses financial risk and fraud models to attempt to answer the question as to why Bear Stearns was bailed out, but Lehman Brothers was not. Based on the analysis, was the right or wrong firm bailed out? In summary, these financial risk and fraud models show potential for developing effective risk management monitoring and stronger corporate governance in order to enhance relationships between management, financial reporting, and the stability of the economic system in crisis and post-crisis conditions.

Fixers and Framers: Reconsidering the Sources and Meaning of the American Founding

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Max M. Edling
Keyword(s):  
Freedom Of Religion ◽  
Search And Seizure ◽  
Bill Of Rights ◽  
American Founding ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Us ◽  
Single Entry ◽  
Us Constitution ◽  
The Right

In Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution, Woody Holton recounts how he introduces his students to the framing of the US Constitution by playing a game. Dividing the blackboard into three sections, he invites his students to shout out their favorite clauses of the Constitution. Holton enters the clauses in the columns and asks his students to label them. Clauses like freedom of religion and speech, freedom from illegal search and seizure, and the right to bear arms end up in the third column, which the students soon recognize as the Bill of Rights. In the first column are clauses taken over from the Articles of Confederation. The second column, which typically ends up with the single entry of “checks and balances,” is the Constitution without amendments. Students struggle to label the first and second columns correctly. When they finally do, they are struck by the fact that the most popular clauses of the Constitution are not in the original document.

Internet Resources for Dentistry: Government and Medical Sites for the Dental Professional

1999 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary F. Guest
Keyword(s):  
Professional Growth ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Business Operations ◽  
Internet Resources ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Dental Professional

Abstract As society transitions deeper into the Information Age, Information Technology has become a critical tool that supports all facets of the global economy. The Internet, via the World-Wide Web (WWW), has become a major component of business operations for corporate and educational organizational entities. An estimated 10,000 or more health-related websites are providing information for both consumers and healthcare professionals. In addition to private and state-supported institutions being present on the Internet, the federal government has moved rapidly toward disseminating information electronically, with significant utilization of the WWW as the technological vehicle. All branches of the US Government and federal-related agencies are now represented on the Internet in an effort to deliver content to their end users, primarily the public. The intent of this article is to complement the previous publication, “Internet Resources for Dentistry: Utilization of the Internet to Support Professional Growth, Decision Making, and Patient Care,” by presenting dental healthcare professionals with information on additional governmental and medical “Internet” sites. In addition, healthcare professionals must arm themselves with more than just access itself, but also the ability to critically judge the quality of information retrieved from the WWW.1,2,5

Part 1 The Cold War Era (1945–89), 36 The US Intervention in Panama—1989

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsagourias Nicholas
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Law ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Panama Canal ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Legal Arguments ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Us Intervention

This chapter examines the legality of the 1989 US intervention in Panama and assesses its impact on the use of force regime. After recalling the facts of the incident, it goes on to analyse the legal arguments provided by the US government to justify its action. More specifically, the US invoked its right to protect American citizens abroad as part of its right to self-defence; the right to intervene to protect the Panama Canal provided by the Panama Canal Treaties; and the invitation of the democratically elected Leader of the Opposition. The chapter then presents the reactions of states and the views of legal commentators. It concludes by saying that the incident affirms existing law but also contributes to the development of the rules regulating the use of force in international law.

Pandemic will boost US government role in space sector

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Venture Capital ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Human Spaceflight ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Space Industry ◽  
Government Role ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Start Ups

Subject COVID-19 and the US space industry Significance The COVID-19 lockdown has disrupted operations at NASA, the Space Force and the large, established aerospace contractors, but had a far more serious effect on the start-ups and smaller firms on which investors and the US government have pinned their hopes. Impacts The US space industry’s move towards a market-based model will come under pressure as government support becomes more important. Many small, innovative firms dependent on venture capital are likely to fail as funding dries up in a depressed global economy. Prestige projects, especially US and Chinese human spaceflight programmes, will retain political favour as national morale boosters.

scholarly journals A Brief History of the International Monetary System since Bretton Woods

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Antonio Ocampo
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
International Monetary System ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Bretton Woods ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S

The 1944 Bretton Woods Conference, which created the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, was a major landmark in international cooperation. However, the Bretton Woods system came under increasing pressure in the 1960s due to the lack of a reliable adjustment mechanism to manage payment imbalances as well as the persistent asymmetries in the balance-of-payments pressures faced by surplus and deficit countries. In 1971 the system effectively collapsed when the US government suspended convertibility of dollars into gold for other central banks—a decision that would prove to be permanent. The system that evolved to replace it can be viewed as a ‘non-system’ with diverse ad hoc arrangements. Viewed overall this non-system has proved to be fairly resilient, but some of its major gaps continue to have negative effects on the global economy.

scholarly journals Measuring Technological Innovation over the Long Run

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-320
Author(s):  
Bryan Kelly ◽  
Dimitris Papanikolaou ◽  
Amit Seru ◽  
Matt Taddy
Keyword(s):  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Subsequent Work ◽  
Public Firms ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Right

We use textual analysis of high-dimensional data from patent documents to create new indicators of technological innovation. We identify important patents based on textual similarity of a given patent to previous and subsequent work: these patents are distinct from previous work but related to subsequent innovations. Our importance indicators correlate with existing measures of patent quality but also provide complementary information. We identify breakthrough innovations as the most important patents—those in the right tail of our measure—and construct time series indices of technological change at the aggregate and sectoral levels. Our technology indices capture the evolution of technological waves over a long time span (1840 to the present) and cover innovation by private and public firms as well as nonprofit organizations and the US government. Advances in electricity and transportation drive the index in the 1880s, chemicals and electricity in the 1920s and 1930s, and computers and communication in the post-1980s. (JEL C43, N71, N72, O31, O33, O34)

The Political and Legal Force of the Prohibition of Force: Assessing State Behaviour

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 995-1003
Author(s):  
ALFRED VAN STADEN
Keyword(s):  
Effective Control ◽  
Military Force ◽  
The Us ◽  
Un Security Council ◽  
Us Government ◽  
State Behaviour ◽  
The Right ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
The Military ◽  
Self Defence

Recent political developments on the global scene have shed new light on established rules concerning the employment of military force while giving rise, among other things, to a reappraisal of the scope and limits of the right of self-defence. The terrorist attacks of September 2001 raised the question of whether actions by non-state actors can fall within the concept of ‘armed attack’. Those attacks were defined by UN Security Council Resolution 1368, under Article 39 of Chapter VII of the UN Charter, as ‘a threat to international peace and security’, but the ambiguous formulation left sufficient scope for upholding the prevailing view that Article 51 may only be invoked in the case of conflict between states. According to this view, which meanwhile has been contested, any resort to self-defence for legally justifying unilateral military action against terrorist organizations operating in other countries needs to be supported by evidence or argumentation that attacks perpetrated by those organizations can be attributed to a state. In defending the military campaign conducted to oust the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, the US government could credibly argue that this regime, exercising effective control over the country, was to be held accountable since it was harbouring members of al Qaeda on its territory and was actively supporting them.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document